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The debate on why humans should or should not return to the Moon has been ongoing for years. Two weeks ago, I had the opportunity to hear astronaut Ron Garan speak eloquently on a subject he is passionate about, water sustainability on planet Earth. Subsequently, I read an essay Garan wrote about the importance of returning to the Moon. Although Garan originally wrote this essay before the cancellation of the Constellation program was announced, he has amended his thoughts to reflect the likelihood that the US won’t be returning to the Moon anytime soon. With Garan’s permission, we are re-publishing his essay in its entirety.
The Importance of Returning to the Moon
(The 8th Continent)
By Ron Garan
NASA Astronaut
On May 10th, 1869, a golden spike joined two railways at Promontory Point, Utah, and the first transcontinental railroad was completed. On January 14th, 2004, a new vision for our Nation’s space exploration program was announced that committed the United States to a long-term human program to explore the solar system starting with a return to the moon. On February 1st 2010, those plans to return to the moon were put on hold. Although our Nation has decided to postpone a return to the moon it is still important to acknowledge the moon’s relevance to life on Earth.
There is no doubt that the railroad changed the world. It opened up frontiers to discovery, settlement, and commerce. The railroad was the backbone for the industrial revolution that provided the largest increase in life expectancy and improvement in quality of life in history. Just as the industrial revolution brought about unprecedented improvements in quality of life so can a new age of space exploration and development, but this time with a positive impact on the environment. To begin a period of sustainable space exploration, both the public and private sectors of our Nation must seize the opportunity and continue on a path to the moon.
Since the Vision for Space Exploration was announced in 2004, there has been an on-going debate about the importance of taking the next step in space exploration, a return to the moon. The reasons for making this the next step include: fulfilling a compelling human need to explore; gaining a foothold on the moon to prepare for journeys to other worlds; easing the world’s energy problems; protecting the planet from disasters; creating moon-based commercial enterprises that will improve life on Earth, conducting scientific research; inspiring young people toward higher education, and utilizing space resources to help spread prosperity throughout the world.
We should not return to the moon for any one of these reasons, but for all of them and more. By first establishing the basic infrastructure for a transportation system between the Earth and the moon and a sustainable, semi-autonomous, permanent human settlement, we will open the door to significant benefits for all. Of course, any permanent lunar base must be economically and politically sustainable and therefore must provide tangible benefits and a return on investment.
Exploration: Great nations accomplish extraordinary endeavors that help to maintain their leadership in the world. America’s history is built on a desire to open new frontiers and to seek new discoveries. NASA’s vision for space exploration acknowledges that, “Mankind is drawn to the heavens for the same reason we were once drawn into unknown lands and across the open sea. We choose to explore space because doing so improves our lives and lifts our national spirit.”
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Establishing a lunar infrastructure will challenge us to improve the reliability of space transportation and allow us to demonstrate exploration systems and concepts without leaving the relative safety of near-Earth space. Testing systems and concepts at a location that’s a three-day journey from Earth is a logical step before we make the leap of a six-month journey to Mars. Establishing a permanently occupied lunar base also will open the way to detailed study and use of lunar resources, which likely are significantly more economical than lifting all required exploration resources from the Earth’s surface.
Energy: Today, about 1.6 billion people on the Earth don’t have access to electricity. The World Bank estimates that 1.1 billion people live in extreme poverty which leads to 8 million premature deaths every year. In developed countries, higher quality of life is achieved only through a high rate of energy use. Increased energy supply is needed for economic and social development, improved quality of life, and to grow enough food to provide for the citizens of the developing world.
Unless something is done soon, the world will be faced with a crisis of enormous proportions. The United Nations estimates that world population will be approximately 9.1 billion by 2050 with virtually all growth in the 50 poorest countries. The choices that the global society makes to provide for future energy needs will have a profound effect on humanity and the environment.
The moon can supplement Earth-based renewable energy systems to meet future energy demand. Ample energy from the Sun reaches the moon and is not interrupted by weather, pollution or volcanic ash. Solar energy farms on the moon can “beam” limitless clean energy down to where it is needed on Earth or to satellites for relay to the Earth. There are also other potential sources of energy including platinum for fuel cells and an isotope called helium-3, which could be used in fusion reactors of the future.
Supplying energy from the moon will enable us to help provide the Earth’s energy needs without destroying our environment.
Protect the Planet from Disasters: There is a real risk to the Earth’s inhabitants from asteroid impacts and super-volcano eruptions. If a large object the size of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 that recently slammed into Jupiter were to hit the Earth, civilization could be destroyed. Much smaller asteroids could cause tremendous damage and loss of life. The moon is a superb location for early detection systems.
A super-volcano eruption is a geologic event of enormous explosive power to affect the global climate for years. Scientists estimate the last such eruption happened 74,000 years ago, and was 10,000 times more powerful than Mount St. Helens. Tremendous amounts of rock and ash were ejected into the air causing a six year long volcanic winter and a 1,000-year instant Ice Age, massive deforestation, disastrous famine, and near extinction of humankind. Scientists estimate that such a super-eruption will occur about once every 100,000 years.
The systems and technology that will be developed for life and work on the moon can be used to develop habitats and systems that could preserve Earth’s inhabitants in the event of a devastating eruption. These systems will also improve our ability to live in extreme environments and can be used to learn how to overcome limited resources and other environmental issues.
Moon-Based Commercial Enterprises: When the early pioneers headed west and expanded our Nation, they did not carry everything with them that they would need for their journey. They “lived off the land” and we will also need to use those resources available to us along our journey, starting with the moon.
There are numerous moon-based commercial activities that could significantly offset the cost of a moon base. Just a few of these are lunar refueling or servicing stations for satellites, lunar mining and space tourism. These commercial activities would allow us to return national treasures from space and provide a significant return on our space investment.
Scientific research: The moon offers an incredible opportunity to further human understanding and discovery. Since the moon’s ancient surface is relatively undisturbed, study of its geology can help us better understand the geological history of Earth. Further, the moon’s vacuum environment can’t be duplicated on the Earth or in low-Earth orbit, and could lead to new materials, advanced alloys, medicines and innovative ways to deal with limited resources on Earth. Radio telescopes on the far side of the moon would be shielded from all radio signals (noise pollution) from Earth, allowing tremendous sensitivity increases and telescopes pointed at the Earth could identify and predict weather and climate changes.
If we return to the moon just for science and exploration then activities will be limited by the amount of money our nation is willing to devote. But, if we establish a sustainable, economically viable lunar base then our science and exploration will be limited only by our imagination.
Education: Our children are our best investment for the future, and our space program is a tremendous motivator. Our Nation has seen a steady decline in the number of students studying math and science. The space program can help turn this trend around. I can personally attest to the ability of the space program to encourage students based on the fact that I enrolled in math and science courses and began the pursuit of an engineering degree the day after the first space shuttle mission landed. The creation of a permanent lunar base will inspire millions of young people toward higher education and help maintain our Nation’s technological leadership.
Resources and Other Benefits: Since we live in a world of finite resources and the global population continues to grow, at some point the human race must utilize resources from space in order to survive. We are already constrained by our limited resources, and the decisions we make today will have a profound affect on the future of humanity.
Using resources and energy from space will enable continued growth and the spread of prosperity to the developing world without destroying our planet. Our minimal investment in space exploration (less than 1 percent of the U.S. budget) reaps tremendous intangible benefits in almost every aspect of society, from technology development to high-tech jobs. When we reach the point of sustainable space operations we will be able to transform the world from a place where nations quarrel over scarce resources to one where the basic needs of all people are met and we unite in the common adventure of exploration. The first step is a sustainable permanent human lunar settlement.
How should we go about this important undertaking? A good analogy to look at is the U.S. railroad system. The greatest obstacle for the first railroad developers was financial risk. Purchasing right of way, paying wages for large workforces and buying materials and equipment were prohibitively expensive. But the federal government stepped in, orchestrating massive land grants and other incentives. Once initial government investment was assured, enterprising developers invested enormous sums to bridge vast valleys and tunnel through enormous mountains.
Today we are faced with similar obstacles in the development and use of space for the benefit of humanity. Potential space developers face enormous up-front costs for high-risk, long-term returns on investment. To capitalize on the tremendous moon-based opportunities, our nation should establish the basic infrastructure for a transportation system between the Earth and the moon and a sustainable human settlement on the moon. Once this initial investment is made, commercial revenue-generating activities can be established. Just as our investment in the railroad, interstate road system, hydro-electric dams and other large federal projects have been paid back many times over by increased productivity and quality of life, so will our investment in lunar infrastructure.
We are poised on the doorstep of an incredible opportunity to benefit all of humanity. We have the technology and the ability to make this a reality — we need only the will to see it through. We need to choose a course toward the utilization of space to increase our available resources, global prosperity, quality of life, technological advancement, and environmental stewardship. Just as we look back and thank those before us for developing things most of us take for granted such as railroads and highways, the generations to come should be able to look back and thank us for committing to sustainable space exploration.
Plus there’s all that great ad space on the Moon. Just think…immediate global awareness of your brand every night, weather permitting!
(Please don’t ever let that happen…)
Water, water everywhere.. and not a drop to drink~ I’m thirsty, come on! Let’s go!
Favorite saying: “He or She who goes there.. knows there!”
I cannot disagree with anything that Garan has stated in the article. As a species, it is self evident that we cannot continue with an economic model that depends on growth, and remain solely on an Earth with finite resources.
There may be a dilemma looming in the later years of this century…. are funds going to be used to spread out from the home planet…. or, are those same funds going to be used in conflict and war on Earth, fighting over our remaining and ever depleting resources.
It could be a stark choice….
The transportation and habitat infrastructure needed for a lunar base will also make it a lot faster and easier and more affordable to develop any additional infrastructure needed to travel to Mars and to establish permanent bases there.
We need a Moon base!
And, don’t forget the massive water resources on the Moon that can be used to generate LOX/LH2 to power missions to the rest of the solar system.
One more in the series of one-sided articles. This one beats them all, thanks to the ridiculous childishly biased arguments which careful readers may remember have been more or less trashed by some reality check or other.
How about some news from the other side once in a while?
Exploration:
If we want to explore, lets go somewhere we haven’t already been to 4 decades ago. Phobos, NEAs, etc.
Energy:
You’ve got to be kidding me. Wind, CST, Solar, Geothermal, etc are already developed and proven, but no one cares because oil is still cheap. Microwave energy? Tritium for Fusion? These are even nore expensive, more complex, and never been done before. Having alternatives to oil isnt the problem. People’s insatiable thirst for Big screen TVs and Big macs and SUVs are.
Disasters:
For an incredibly small (read: negligible) part of the funding required to go back to the moon, larege scale asteroid survey arrays, advanced seismic monitoring stations, etc can be implimented TOMORROW. They won’t help us if Yellowstone blows or another KT asteroid hits, but neither will a moon base. Come on…It’s going to take over a year to shakedown the urine recycling system on the ISS for a crew of six. How can you say this technology is going to help 6 billion of us?
Commercial:
Can’t back this up with facts, but if there really were commercially viable enterprises waiting on the moon, don’t you think there would be a group of rich guys lobbying congress to get us back there ASAP?
Science:
Papers published based on data from robotic missions: 1 915 283
Papers published based on data from manned missions: 3 872
Not real numbers, but I bet I’m close.
Education:
Lets fund textboooks and teachers for our schools first. No point having a bunch of kids who want to be astonauts but only have 1/28th of their teachers attention to help them make it there.
Resources:
Plenty here on Earth. We just need to stop buying disposable EVERYTHING and then just throwing it into a landfill.
Yuck! For an inspirational albeit not necessarily realistic article this is still terrible on so many levels.
First, there is nothing that demand that “the next step in space exploration” is to go to the Moon. Nor is there any “hold” on such plans. The pace and strategic goals have changed, certainly, but likely for the best: sustainability, flexibility, international cooperation, more tactical goals (NEOs, Lagrange points, et cetera).
Second, there is no “six-month journey to Mars”, nor will there be one.
Current knowledge is AFAIU that such a journey would arrive with astronauts whose brains are fried from radiation into mental incompetence, and with no means to land. (We don’t know how to soft land masses above ~ 1 000 kg on Mars.)
To go to Mars we need fast rockets that makes the trips in weeks instead of months (or, more likely, years on low energy trajectories) and new landing technology. Both are tall orders, and a Moon base within one or two generation may be way too soon to be reasonable.
Third, commerce.
Energy from the Moon is not economically realistic.
But especially: the helium-3 cycle is again several generations away at the best. Current reactors will kick in commercially in 60 years at best. (40 years to the prototype, if fully funded.) And no one knows if and when the 3-5 orders of higher temp-pressure confinement for helium-3 will be achieved.
If we are looking at this, obviously space economy starts from the ground up. So does space tourism, which is now a growing market. No need for Moon especially.
Fourth, science.
I don’t know where Garan gets his science from, but it is not up to speed. Asteroid damage is a real, for once soon preventable disaster, but it isn’t the most pressing problem nor is the Moon a decidedly necessary ingredient as of yet.
There is no evidence that super-volcanoes has had such devastating effects as claimed here. Nor was the Lake Toba the last VEI-8 eruption: “A total of 47 eruptions of VEI–8 magnitude or above, ranging in age from Ordovician to Pleistocene, are identified, of which 42 eruptions are known from the past 36 million years. The most recent one is Lake Taupo’s Oruanui eruption, occurring 26,500 years ago, which means that there have not been any Holocene (within the last 10,000 years) eruptions with a VEI of 8. [Wikipedia.]
Nor had it global effects:
“Researchers led by climatologist Alan Robock of Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, ran scenarios that featured eruptions producing up to several times more sulfur dioxide than Toba. The result, published 27 May in the Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres, was a cooler climate that lasted only a few decades. So the 1000-year cold spell was probably part of the natural cycle that has produced more than a dozen ice ages over the past couple of million years.
“The results virtually eliminate mega volcanic eruptions as one of the key drivers of global-scale glaciation,” says climatologist Ellen Mosley-Thompson of Ohio State University in Columbus, who was not involved in the study. So, paleoclimatologists should focus on more likely climate coolers, she says, such as changes in ocean circulation or cyclical variations in Earth’s orbit around the sun.”
The Lake Toba VEI-8 super-volcano eruption is now known to have a record of uninterrupted human inhabitation: “An area of widespread speculation about the Toba super-eruption is that it nearly drove humanity to extinction. The fact that the Middle Palaeolithic tools of similar styles are found right before and after the Toba super-eruption, suggests that the people who survived the eruption were the same populations, using the same kinds of tools, says Dr Petraglia. The research agrees with evidence that other human ancestors, such as the Neanderthals in Europe and the small brained Hobbits in Southeastern Asia, continued to survive well after Toba.”
There are many good reasons to go to the Moon that stands for themselves. (And no, the false choice of Rb85 on science education resources is not an actual hinder.)
Such includes that there is a lot of Moon-Earth science to be done there that can’t be done elsewhere, and that is a natural way station and resource base to open up the Solar system.
Whether we go to the Moon in a generation (as in previous plans) or two-three (as seems likely now), we will go there. I just wish that when we do we will have let go of gung ho irresponsible framing, and set out in a clear and sustainable way why we do it.
You want a reality check? Here it is, Extinction, of our entire Goddamn species because we were too busy trying to hang onto a few bits of shiny yellow metal here on Earth to go out and find that the Universe is FULL of the stuff.
Whether next week or in a dozen centuries it WILL happen *if* we don’t cut the umbilical cord that ties us to this one solitary blue refuge in the heavens.
We must explore because the entire history of everything that is now known about all of the universe could be contained in the fragile skulls of the 6.5 billion primates that now walk the planet trying to find food and invent ways to kill each other.
I doubt we are the only sentient life in the cosmos, but *if* we are, and at present we must assume this to be true without proof otherwise, wouldn’t it be utterly pathetic for us to let the light of knowledge be snuffed out because of fear or greed or selfish aimless hand wringing by people without the vision to see past the end of their own nose and realize that we are made from the stars and to the stars we MUST RETURN.
Sorry, that was supposed to be “Nor had it _severe_ global effects.”
We have no idea what the world’s political situation is going to look like by the end of the century. There was a lot of hope for the world at the beginning of the 20th century, yet we ended up having two titanic global wars and then an astoundingly expensive cold war. Even a fairly rational country like the US went to war with a nation (Iraq) that had absolutely nothing to do with 9-11.
So continuing to confine all of human civilization solely to our planet of evolutionary origin would be extremely foolish.
Marcel F. Williams
@ Silver Thread:
Well, for a reality check that was far from reality as we know it.
The reality we live in is that we have had 3.5 – 4.5 Gy uninterrupted life without complete extinction. Our biosphere isn’t that fragile. It will go on existing even if our species disappeared, most likely still having sentient life in some form or other.
Oh, and I forgot: “invent ways to kill each other”. That is forgetting that H. sapiens is observably among the most peaceful species around. We are extremely socialized. (Which no doubt is why we have been able to become so many in the first place.)
“It will go on existing even if our species disappeared”.
This would be the circumstance I am most interested in avoiding by advocating Human Space Exploration.
A partial reality check list.
Exploration:
Unlike the 1960’s, the window has closed to using patriotism as a marketing tool to sell more US Moon missions to the public. China owns an increasing large chunk of the United States gross debt, currently around ten trillion dollars or 83% of GDP. Who knows how bad that will be in 2020 when the cancelled Constellation program would have added $97bn (2008 dollars) excluding unbudgeted technical issues and the infamous NASA cost overruns which rose to 55% in the case of the Shuttle programme.
For the majority who are patriotic about the United States remaining American, Moon missions are less of a priority.
Another popular misconception offered by Mr Garan, is that going to the moon “is a logical step before we make the leap of a six-month journey to Mars.” This is not quite true. Earth-Mars planetary alignments dictate any Human Mars return mission to be at least two years long (six months to get there, about twelve months waiting for the next E-M alignment and another six months to return). As a prerequisite, many robotic missions are needed to prepare a self sustaining habitable Martian base which processes and stores breathable air and drinkable water for life support, food and fuel production from a Martian environment which is substantially different from the Lunar environment. Investment in developing and deploying suitable robotics is the key to a human Mars return mission, not some lunar base side show.
Energy:
If beaming solar energy to from the Moon to Earth ever works, it would also work from GSO and LEO where it would be cheaper to deploy and easier to maintain.
The idea of mining Lunar Helium-3 actually has merit but is a feasible energy source only after first developing and building commercial Helium 3 fusion reactors and that is a separate mega project.
Scientific research:
With respect to stationing Radio Telescopes on the far side of the moon, the smart money says, the largest and most sensitive Radio Telescope of all time will be the Square Kilometre Array to be built in an unpopulated Australian desert.
Moon-Based Commercial Enterprises:
Space tourism has already started happening without a Lunar base. The Russians offer tourist flights to the ISS (against NASA wishes) and Virgin Galactic will take you to the edge of space if you are prepared want to mortgage your spare palace. Who could afford Lunar tourism?
Mr Garan’s opinions are visionary and seductive and we surely need people like him to motivate us and are genuinely grateful to him for sharing. But here in the less romantic real world of cold hard cash constraints, logic and priorities and foreseeable engineering limitations….urm sorry but don’t expect to book a suite at the Lanar Hilton any time soon.
Bit early to discuss this.. I await Obama’s address on April 14th.
As usual we see the American slant with the usual message “only we can save the world” I.e.
NASA’s vision for space exploration acknowledges that, “Mankind is drawn to the heavens for the same reason we were once drawn into unknown lands and across the open sea. We choose to explore space because doing so improves our lives and lifts our national spirit.”
Going back to the moon should be an international effort if it was really to benefit all. It should not be legitimised under the umbrella of some “American dream.” It just looks like the usual spin and is quite condescending.
Even if you totally eliminated the NASA budget, it would only take about 600 years to use it to attempt to pay off the $12 trillion debt. Of course, the country would actually be loosing more than $12 trillion during that time period since studies show that for every dollar spent on our space program, at least an additional dollar is created in national wealth.
Marcel F. Williams
It should also be noted that he is saying the same things as Robert Zubrin, with his plan for Mars Direct, except this guy wants to go to the moon.
Nothing new.
TerryG, your thoughts on the Energy section echo mine closely. If we’re going to try to beam solar energy from space, it’s better to be as close as possible. Over the Earth-Moon distance, such systems have terribly low efficiency, and I have to imagine that building a solar farm on the Moon is no cheaper than blanketing the desert Southwest with solar cells and developing the right storage and distribution systems for cloudy days. If we want to take extreme measures on this issue, we don’t need to immediately look off the planet for solutions.
I’d personally support a human return to the Moon, and maintaining a long-term presence there. Rb85, even if your guess about the relative number of papers published based on the work of robots and humans is true, I bet they’d be evened out if humans spent even half as much time on the Moon as robots have had. Robotic missions are great, but they work slowly. Opportunity has traveled roughly 20 km on the surface of Mars over 7 years- the Apollo 17 astronauts nearly doubled that distance in 4.5 hours of driving. It’s more expensive, but human exploration can accomplish so much more.
@ Marcel F. Williams
NASA’s budget actually increased not decreased.
Reducing the deficit needs to be made in all areas, not just with NASA. It means hard work for the American people, not killing the dream entirely – just delay the grand ideas for better times. The Moon will still always be there (even in 20-40 years time, if that what it takes)!
The kind of discussion and polarised views that these types of articles draw are, to me, a clear indication that we will never go back to the moon! In the Western world, there are too many demands on finance and resources for this kind of venture ever to be realistically approved. It seems a window of opportunity for man to go into space opened about half a century ago… and, luckily, the chance was taken. That window is now closing rapidly. Population growth, increasing demands on dwindling resources and concerns about an increasingly polluted environment will kill anything but basic commercial use of “near space”. An exploratory dark age which will take a very long time to pass. Some may think that’s inevitable. Personally, I think it’s a shame and a lost opportunity for mankind. The only glimmer of hope for “the explorer contingent” in the Chinese… who at the moment, are not constrained by democracy and have a vision (and perhaps the money) to put men into space. Wish them luck!
LionelH said;:
“An exploratory dark age which will take a very long time to pass.”
No. i really disagree. It is about being smarter and prioritising the goals of the space program. There continues to be much to do with existing programs and exploration, it is just not prudent at the moment to start new ones.
The American economy is just like the household budget. if you borrow too much in the end you have to start pay it back sometime, otherwise the debtors will be knocking at your door. It takes careful planning and budget to solve the finances. It is not all that bad, it is just simple logistics and organisation. Obama IMO is absolute right to reorganise these priorities.
@justin13
thats EXACTLY the point. Robots are able to spend much more time out there for less money.
Unlike earthly frontiers, living off the land on the moon, mars or the asteroids is an entirely differemt prospect from a house on the prairie, more like being an aborigine with a pressure suit. The kind of self sufficient, self-repairing fabrication technology and self sustaining ecosystems needed for such a life don’t exist. Worse, if they did exist they would enable people with access to energy and raw materials to live wholly independantly from governments and capital, which is why it isn’t being developed and the projects which might lead it to be developed are discouraged. Yes robots are great and better in many respects but they also preserve the status quo..
@justin13
Flipping your argument on it’s head, if we had spent even half as much money on robotic science missions as we had on human spaceflight over the years, then our science return would have been an order of magnitude larger than even what we have now…
Human spaceflight is nice and all that, but robots will be doing the frontier science for the foreseeable future, and possibly forever.
@justin13
“Opportunity has traveled roughly 20 km on the surface of Mars over 7 years- the Apollo 17 astronauts nearly doubled that distance in 4.5 hours of driving. It’s more expensive, but human exploration can accomplish so much more.”
Let’s be a bit realistic. One was designed to do “stop and go” science. The other was designed to “quickly” shuttle astronauts around the immediate landing area to gather rock samples.
I should have added “stop and go science over rough and “unknown” terrain.
@Hon. Salacious B. Crumb
The problem is that the new budget dramatically reduces the budget for our manned space program. The Augustine Commission recommended a $3 billion dollar increase in the annual NASA budget or our manned space program. Instead, the Obama administration actually decreases the the budget for manned spaceflight operations and development. So instead of increasing the manned spaceflight budget from $8.4 billion a year up to $11.4 billion a year as recommended by the commission, Obama decreases the annual manned spaceflight related budget down to $4.8 billion a year in 2011 and down to $4.1 billion a year by the year 2015.
If other nations like China, Russia, or India establish a base on the Moon before the US, then their companies will reap most of the long term economic benefits. And the US will continue its trend towards economic decline in still another area where it use to dominate.
Marcel F. Williams
Marcel F. Williams said;
“If other nations like China, Russia, or India establish a base on the Moon before the US, then their companies will reap most of the long term economic benefits. And the US will continue its trend towards economic decline in still another area where it use to dominate.”
All well and good, but whose fault is the economic decline here? It was not China, Russia, or India that caused all the economic downturn. it was the US – and much of the world who invested or who was in the US just got pummelled!
If China, Russia, or India get to the Moon first, the US only has itself to blame.
Bottom line is that NASA and the space program is a luxury – a luxury the US can ill-afford (at least for a little while.)
@Hon. Salacious B. Crum
“The Moon will still always be there (even in 20-40 years time, if that what it takes)!”
Yes but my lifes dream is to go to the moon in this lifetime, not in a reincarnated life.
If they do not send humans then at least send robots wheeling around with Full HD 3D vision. We can imagine sand particles at Mars but we cannot imagine the lunar landers in that detail. Luckily they sent the LRO before thye cancelled the lunar landings otherwise we might not have seen these new images.
Surely there has to be some economic incentive for going back to the moon?
We are experimenting with a paradigm change in space exploration. That is to say we are attempting to go from a strictly military industrial complex incentive to a commercial economic incentive.
Whatever anybody tells you, our first voyages to the moon were not entirely altruistic or even for the sake of science. Basically, military planners wanted to test the possibility of placing nuclear armed missiles there.
Vostok was launched on a Russian ICBM. The Mercury capsules were lofted on two types of ICBM’s. The Titan booster Gemini used was also an ICBM. MOST of the shuttle’s early flights were top secret military projects.
Swords into plowshares? Back to economics… I think we should propose a charter to the U.N. which allows whatever commercial entity which develops an economically feasible lunar base certain longevity rights. Lets talk incentive…
Olaf said;
“If they do not send humans then at least send robots wheeling around with Full HD 3D vision.”
I’d really love to see that. It would probably bolster the drive to return to the Moon.
When I said the Moon will still be there, I was only pointing out to achieve that goal might take a little longer. I still think the national sovereign debt should be the number one priority in the America. If that isn’t fixed, going to the Moon will be the last thing on the minds of the population, as who you owe all this the money too will be calling the shots.
Aqua
You absolutely right. The lunar soil is full of useful materials to make all sorts of things, and better still, there is heaps of sunlight for energy to create bits and pieces for spacecraft and even the necessary fuel to drive those ships.
Even the processed ore could be returned to Earth or into earth orbit for tasks closer to home.
As the Earth’s natural resources diminish alternative sources beyond the Earth become viably tempting.
Your right. it does take vision and economic viability, and who was it once said the catch cry “Yes We Can”?