Oumuamua Could be the Fragment of a Disintegrated Interstellar Comet

Since it was first detected hurling through our Solar System, the interstellar object known as ‘Oumuamua has been a source of immense scientific interest. Aside from being extrasolar in origin, the fact that it has managed to defy classification time and again has led to some pretty interesting theories. While some have suggested that it is a comet or an asteroid, there has even been the suggestion that it might be an interstellar spacecraft.

However, a recent study may offer a synthesis to all the conflicting data and finally reveal the true nature of ‘Oumuamua. The study comes from famed astronomer Dr. Zdenek Sekanina of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who suggests that ‘Oumuamua is the remnant of an interstellar comet that shattered before making its closest pass to the Sun (perihelion), leaving behind a cigar-shaped rocky fragment.

Having worked with the JPL for almost 40 years – where he specializes in the study of meteors, comets and interstellar dust – Dr. Sekanina is no stranger to celestial objects. In fact, his work includes groundbreaking studies on Halley’s comet, the Tunguska event, and the break-up and impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter.

His latest study, titled “1I/`Oumuamua As Debris of Dwarf Interstellar Comet That Disintegrated Before Perihelion“, recently appeared online. In it, Sekanina addresses the possibility that the observations that began in October of 2017 by the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System-1 (Pan-STARRS-1) was actually a fragment of the original object that entered our system in early 2017.

For starters, Sekanina refers to previous research by another famed astronomer – John E. Bortle – that indicates how faint comets in nearly-parabolic orbits that take them closer than 1 AU from the Sun are likely to suddenly disintegrate shortly before they reach perihelion. Subsequent research, according to Sekanina, also indicates that in some cases, a sizeable fragment could be left behind.

As Dr. Sekanina told Universe Today via email:

“Bortle’s finding points to an inherent survival problem of intrinsically faint long-period comets at higher temperatures, as they approach the Sun. Euphemistically, one could say that below 1 AU from the Sun these comets begin to “perspire” profusely, and continue to, at an accelerated rate, to the point of no control and no tolerance.”

As he states in his study, this fragment would resemble “a devolatilized aggregate of loosely-bound dust grains that may have exotic shape, peculiar rotational properties, and extremely high porosity, all acquired in the course of the disintegration event.” If this sounds familiar, it is because the description fits ‘Oumuamua perfectly.

For instance, one of the first things astronomers determined about ‘Oumuamua (aside from the fact that it was not likely to be a comet) was that it had a rather odd shape. Based on readings acquired from the Very Large Telescope (VLT), a team of researchers determined that ‘Oumuamua was an elongated object likely composed of rocky material.

This was followed by a 2018 study by Wesley C. Fraser (et al.), which found that unlike small asteroids and planetesimals in the Solar System (which have periodic spins), ‘Oumuamua’s spin was chaotic. At the time, the team concluded that this was an indication of past collisions. But based on Sekanina’s assessment, this could be the result of the original object’s disintegration.

“The only other observed objects that nowadays come effectively from interstellar space are the Oort Cloud comets,” said Sekanina. “Thus, the premise I started from was that the Oort Cloud is environmentally close to the places which the parent of Oumuamua passed through in the last several million years or so. And since Oumuamua was not discovered before perihelion because it was too faint, an intrinsically faint Oort Cloud comet is the best analog one can muster. As such a comet belongs according to Bortle’s rule to the broad category of comets that disintegrate near or before perihelion, so should Oumuamua’s parent.”

Sekanina then drew comparisons with C/2017 S3 and C/2010 X1 (Elenin), two comets that experienced disintegration when they reached perihelion. In both cases, the disintegration of these comets involved an explosive event and the release of a “monstrous fluffy dust aggregate”. From this, Sekanina deduced that ‘Oumuamua would not experience outgassing and would be subject to the effects of solar radiation pressure.

In particular, Sekanina referred to a study he recently conducted with German astronomer Rainer Kracht. Together, they relied on data from the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) that showed how the comet C/2017 S3 (which experienced two outbursts), conformed to Bortle’s rule. As Sekanina stated:

“The comet survived the first one and perished in a second event two weeks later. Over a period of several days, at the end of ground-based observing, four independent observers bisected — in the absence of a better choice — a tiny mystery point in the coma as the “nucleus” for astrometry. 

“This happened not only after the second outburst but after the debris from the second outburst dispersed enough. The mystery object’s motion displayed a nongravitational effect, consistent with a radiation pressure effect, relative to where the comet’s true nucleus was supposed to have been (if it were not subjected to the outbursts), whose magnitude was comparable to that of Oumuamua. “

Once again, this is completely consistent with observations made of ‘Oumuamua. As Prof. Loeb of Harvard University and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) noted in one of several research papers on the subject, the acceleration of ‘Oumuamua as it exited the Solar System could not be attributed to outgassing (as was previously suggested).

Simply put, if ‘Oumuamua’s composition included volatile materials (i.e. water, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, etc.) like a comet, it would have experienced outgassing as it neared our Sun, which would have been visible when it was detected after perihelion. However, this was not the case, which raised the question of how radiation pressure could be responsible for its acceleration.

At the time, Prof. Loeb suggested that a possible explanation for this could be that ‘Oumuamua was an artificial object, similar to the lightsail concept currently being developed by Breakthrough Starshot. But as Sekanina argues, this behavior could be the result of ‘Oumuamua being of a class of previously-unstudied object that is subject to radiation pressure.

Ever since questions began to arise about ‘Oumuamua’s true nature, scientists have emphasized the need for additional studies. Opportunities to do so could be coming very soon, since recent research has indicated that there could be thousands of interstellar objects that visited our Solar System in the past and were captured by its gravity. Additional research has even located some objects that may be interstellar in origin.

Dr. Sekanina agrees, stating that additional studies should be conducted that could place constraints on when and where the comet that gave birth to ‘Oumuamua disintegrated. In so doing, we could possibly learn more about where this comet came from, and what conditions are like in its system of origin.

“The implications are potentially enormous,” he said. “We may be dealing here with a new type of object that is extremely difficult to detect. Oumuamua would not be discovered, if it did not encounter Earth. We now confront the possible existence of space debris in form of extremely porous objects with non-zero cohesion ~100 meters in size. Do they really exist? Only future [missions] will tell where the truth is.”

Further Reading: arXiv