In 2016, China’s Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope – the largest single-aperture radio telescope in the world – gathered its first light. Since then, the telescope has undergone extensive testing and commissioning and officially went online in Jan of 2020. In all that time, it has also been responsible for multiple discoveries, including close to one hundred new pulsars.
According to a recent study by an international team of scientists and led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) suggests that FAST might have another use as well: the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)! Building on their collaboration with the non-profit science organization Breakthrough Initiatives, the authors of the study highlight the ways in which FAST could allow for some novel SETI observations.
The team included members from the FAST Collaboration, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the University of California Berkeley, the Swinburne University of Technology, Breakthrough Initiatives, the SETI Institute, and multiple universities. They were led by Di Li of the CAS Key Laboratory of FAST and the University of CAS and their study recently appeared in the journal Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics.
To put it plainly, the FAST array has its fair share of advantages over previous radio telescopes because of its sheer size. For starters, with a primary surface measuring 500 m (1640 ft) in diameter – and a maximum effective aperture of 300 m (984 ft), FAST is currently the largest radio telescope in the world and can access a much larger region of the sky than the Arecibo radio telescope.
As Dr. Li explained to Universe Today via email:
“The main advantage of FAST is its effective collecting area. FAST forms a parabola of 300 m diameter, the largest total collecting area in L-band (covering neutral hydrogen, etc.) than those of any other telescopes, including VLA, Effelsberg, Arecibo, GBT, etc. In conjunction with the state-of-art receivers, FAST provides the best gain toward point sources, which SETI signals are.”
The FAST telescope was also conceived with the possibility of SETI research in mind. Hence why Breakthrough Listen Initiative (BLI) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the CAS’ National Astronomical Observatories (NAOC) in 2016 for the sake of future collaborations that would bring FAST into their network of radio telescopes.
As part of the non-profit research group Breakthrough Initiatives, BLI is a 10-year and $100 million effort to “conduct the most sensitive, comprehensive, and intensive search for advanced life on other worlds.” These efforts currently rely on three telescopes, which includes the Green Bank Telescope, the Parkes Radio Telescope, and the Automated Planet Finder.
Another major advantage is the fact that FAST is equipped with a 19-beam focal-plane feed horn receiver array, which greatly enhances its field of view. Compare this to the 7 beams of Arecibo and the 13 beams of the Parkes Radio Telescope, both of which have provided unprecedented speed for SETI surveys and efficiency in filtering out radio frequency interference (RFI) from Earth-bound sources.
The FAST telescope also benefits from being equipped with the latest in computing hardware, software, and networking. “In addition, we have successfully tested a novel observing mode to allow for simultaneous data taking of different purposes,” said Li. “In particular, this is the first time for any radio telescope to record pulsar and hydrogen data streams for large scale surveys.”
This same technology, says Li, allowed him and his colleagues to design and commence a new survey called the Commensal Radio Astronomy FAST Survey (CRAFTS). This survey will search for various radio sources – like pulsars, Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), galaxies and hydrogen – all at the same time. Once FAST is equipped with SETI instrumentation, Li anticipates that CRAFTS will be able to provide substantial time to SETI while still carrying out its other primary science goals.
As for what FAST will search for, the team included some thoughts and suggestions on that as well in their study. As Dr. Li indicated, these will include surveys of exoplanets that have been discovered by next-generation telescopes like NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in the hopes of finding evidence of extra-terrestrial communication:
“In addition to blind search, we will target TESS planets and the Andromeda galaxy. In terms of equivalent isotropic radiation power (EIRP), FAST will be sensitive enough to detect any human-like technologies on TESS planets, i.e., a world with a slightly more powerful radar than that of Arecibo. At the distance of Andromeda, FAST can detect Kardashev type II or any civilization more powerful.
So FAST could enable the detection of civilizations that are so advanced, they’ve managed to harness the power of their entire star system? And it could do this while simultaneously searching for other cosmic radio sources? Now that sounds promising! In the meantime, Breakthrough Listen’s ten-year survey goes on and the data continues to accumulate.
If there is evidence of intelligent life out there, we are closing in on it!
Further Reading: arXiv