An Interstellar Meteor Struck the Earth in 2014, and now Scientists Want to Search for it at the Bottom of the Ocean

Back in 2014, an object crashed into the ocean just off the coast of Papua New Guinea. Data collected at the time indicated that the meteorite just might be an interstellar object, and if that’s true, then it’s only the third such object known (after Oumuamua and Borisov), and the first known to exist on Earth. Launching an undersea expedition to find it would be a long shot, but the scientific payoff could be enormous.

Dubbed CNEOS 2014-01-08, the candidate interstellar object is believed to have measured about a half-meter wide, and its potentially interstellar origins were first recognized by then graduate student Amir Siraj and Harvard professor Avi Loeb. Using catalog data regarding the object’s trajectory, Siraj and Loeb concluded that it might be from beyond our solar system due to its unusually high heliocentric velocity – in other words, it was moving at speeds that suggest it may not be bound within the Sun’s gravity well.

There’s a catch, however. The data used to measure the object’s impact with Earth came from a US Department of Defense spy satellite, designed to monitor Earthly military activities. As such, the exact error values of the measurement are a carefully guarded secret – the US military is wary of allowing the precise capabilities of their satellite to become public domain information. But without these details, much of the scientific community understandably remains unwilling to officially classify CNEOS 2014-01-08 as an interstellar object. Siraj and Loeb’s paper therefore remains unpublished, having not yet passed peer review.

Their claim, however, was bolstered in April 2022, when the US Space Force’s Space Operations Command’s Chief Scientist, Joel Mozer, reviewed the classified data in question and “confirmed that the velocity estimate reported to NASA is sufficiently accurate to indicate an interstellar trajectory.”

While the official scientific classification of CNEOS 2014-01-08 seems doomed to remain in limbo for the time being, the statement by the US Space Force was enough to convince Siraj and Loeb of its interstellar origin, and they have now moved on to proposing possible ways to find the object and study it up close.

Much of the meteorite would have burned up during its descent into Earth’s atmosphere, likely leaving only fragments behind, scattered across the ocean floor. However, not all hope is lost, as the tracking data from the satellite, combined with wind and ocean current data, can provide a reasonable search area of just 10km by 10km. More importantly, the fragments are expected to be magnetic, so a ship trawling with a large magnet could potentially scoop up the minuscule meteorite fragments from the ocean floor. Siraj and Loeb propose to do just that, and have teamed up with an ocean technology consulting company to make it happen.

In an interview with Universe Today last year, Loeb explained that such a search could offer us “the opportunity to actually put our hands on the relic and figure out whether it’s natural, whether it’s a rock, or whether, you know, a small fraction of those [interstellar objects] might be artificial.”

Loeb has been vocal in recent years about the potential for interstellar objects like CNEOS 2014-01-08, Oumuamua, and Borisov to be artificial objects created by extra-terrestrial intelligence. As head of the Galileo Project, the search for evidence of intelligent life in the Universe is one of his core research areas. But his more extravagant claims have invited criticism from some of his peers in the astronomical community. In the case of CNEOS 2014-01-08, however, Loeb isn’t going so far as to suggest it’s an alien artifact. “This result does not imply that the first interstellar meteor was artificially made by a technological civilization and not natural in origin,” he and Siraj write in their most recent paper outlining the ocean expedition. But it’s clear that Loeb thinks it wouldn’t hurt to go find the object and take a look.

Even if it is just a rock – which is by far the most likely explanation – it’ll tell us a lot about the composition of rocky matter beyond our own solar system, and that itself would be a valuable bit of new data.

Learn More:

Siraj and Loeb, “Discovery of a Meteor of Interstellar Origin” (ArXiv).

Siraj, Loeb and Gallaudet, “An Ocean Expedition by the Galileo Project to Retrieve Fragments of the First Large Interstellar Meteor CNEOS 2014-01-08.” (ArXiv).