Europe Simulates the Moon on Earth

Where do you go to practice living and working on the Moon before you actually get there? That’s the question the European Space Agency and German Aerospace Center wanted to answer. So, they worked together to build a mockup of the Moon’s surface near Cologne, Germany.

The facility’s name is LUNA. That stands for “Lunar Analog”. Among other things, it provides simulated regolith in a 700-square-meter hall where astronauts from ESA, NASA and other agencies can practice moving through those conditions on the Moon. “We have about 900 tonnes of regolith simulating material in the facility to simulate the dusty environment and mobility on the surface,” said Juergen Schlutz, LUNA Facility Engineer & Moon Strategy Lead at European Space Agency, during the facility’s first press briefing.

From Earth Volcano to Moon Surface

Lunar regolith (the dusty material that coats the Moon’s surface) is the product of millions of years of bombardment of the Moon’s surface by meteorites and the solar wind. It pounds on the basaltic surface of the Moon. The result of that bombardment is a very thick, fine dust. Astronauts need to learn to work with it if they’re going to live and work on the Moon. So, the agency needed a simulant.

Since Earth and the Moon have similar geological history, it made sense to look around on our planet for materials to simulate lunar dust. For LUNA, the agency partners created something called EAC-1. It’s based on volcanic powder spread out over the Eifel region in Germany some 45 million years ago. ESA has been working with this material for some years now, creating “moon bricks” that lunar colonists could use to build roads, launch pads, and habitats. Not only that, but lunar soil (like the EAC-1) contains a high percentage of oxygen. If astronauts can practice “cracking” that soil at LUNA, that would provide them with experience doing the same thing to tap in situ sources of oxygen they can use to survive.

More about LUNA

The LUNA main hall isn’t just a soil pit, however. It also has a specialized illumination simulator. That allows astronauts to recreate and practice their work under lunar day-and-night cycles. The Moon’s “day” is 14 Earth days long and a lunar night is the same length. Future astronauts and colonists will need to adapt their living and working conditions to those cycles.

Eventually, LUNA will also incorporate gravity off-loading systems. These are simulations of reduced gravity environments. Since the Moon’s gravity is one-sixth that of Earth’s, it’s important for astronauts to train in lower-gravity environments. Plans include a system similar to the Active Response Gravity Offload System (ARGOS) gravity system that NASA uses. It’s a device that suspends an astronaut trainee in a special trainer and uses sensors and other feedback that provide a simulated low-gravity environment.

In addition to astronaut training for low gravity and working with soil, LUNA will act as a testbed for operating robotic systems such as rovers and other tools. It will enable advanced science testing and activities, and teach astronauts how to build, manipulate, and operate energy systems. For example, researchers at the facility will test the regolith to understand the effects of moon dust on equipment space agencies plan to bring to the moon.

Preparing for Artemis and Beyond

All these activities should help future astronauts and mission planners develop solutions to challenges the Artemis and other explorers will face on the Moon. LUNA will also contain a unique habitat training area called FLEXHab. It is planned as a simulated habitat that will connect to the main facility.

Finally, ESA and DLR plan to repurpose a food production facility called EDEN-ISS. It’s actually a greenhouse that hosted a five-year-long food cultivation experiment. It will become part of the LUNA laboratory and is aimed at helping astronauts figure out how to grow and prepare food during their stay on the Moon.

Building accurate replicas of the lunar environment is a big training step toward permanent habitation on the Moon. The Artemis project will be one mission to take advantage of LUNA. Its mission timeline has slipped, but astronauts will still likely be headed toward the Moon within the decade. Test sites such as LUNA will play an important role in their training and eventual colonization activities.

For More Information

New LUNA Facility Will prepare Astronauts for Moon Landings

Full-Size Reduced Gravity Simulator For Humans, Robots, and Test Objects
Bricks from Moon Dust