Baby Galaxies Weighed by Spitzer

Astronomers have discovered two of the most distant galaxies ever seen, when the Universe was only 700 million years old. The galaxies were first discovered as part of the Hubble Space Telescope’s Deep Field Survey, which looked into the distant Universe. Astronomers then did follow-on observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope to confirm their distance and age. The galaxies are thought to be between 50-300 million years old, and have only 1% of the mass of our own Milky Way.

Astronomers have taken amazing pictures of two of the most distant galaxies ever seen. The ultradeep images, taken at infrared wavelengths, confirm for the first time that these celestial cherubs are real. The researchers* are now able to weigh galaxies and determine their age at earlier times than ever before, providing important clues about the evolutionary origins of galaxies like our Milky Way. The work appears in the October 1 issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Carnegie Fellow Ivo Labbé, along with Rychard Bouwens and Garth Illingworth of the UCO/Lick Observatory at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Marijn Franx of the Leiden Observatory, examined galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) using the sensitive Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) aboard NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope. The HUDF, scanned by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope in late 2003, remains the deepest view ever taken at visible and near-infrared wavelengths.

The two galaxies are seen when the universe was just a baby – 700 million years after the Big Bang, or five percent of the universe’s current age. They belong to a precious small sample of similarly ancient galaxies, discovered two years ago by Bouwens, Illingworth, and Franx and analyzed in-depth in Nature last month. The relative deficit of such far-away luminous sources indicates that this early period is when galaxies were rapidly building up from a very small number of stars to the massive galaxies we see at later times.

Because there are so few of them, verifying the existence of the distant galaxies and measuring their properties is of paramount importance. The new mid-infrared observations from Spitzer proved essential for Labbé’s team, as the analyses were not possible from the Hubble data alone.

“Spitzer is an amazing little machine,” Labbé said. “It is a remarkable achievement that a small 0.85-meter telescope can see sources 12.7 billion light years away.” Though astronomers have observed faraway galaxies before, these are the most distant for which detailed physical characteristics have been calculated. “I am certain that we would not have been able to confirm the existence of these galaxies, let alone calculate their stellar mass and age, without Spitzer,” Labbé added.

The two galaxies were between 50 and 300 million years old Рinfants themselves, by galactic standards Рand weighed about one hundred times less than our full-grown Milky Way. The ages and masses suggest they were already in place much earlier, around 500-600 million years after the Big Bang. They could be among the first galactic systems formed in the universe, shortly after the first stars, meaning that future surveys might reveal luminous galaxies at even earlier times than those measured by Labb̩ and his colleagues.

The first 500 million years after the Big Bang is known to astronomers as “The Dark Ages,” because the universe was filled with clouds of neutral Hydrogen gas that obscured galaxies from our view. Astronomers theorize that newly formed galaxies began to emit enough radiation to burn through the cosmic fog, transforming the universe first into a billowing froth of plasma, and eventually into the transparent state it is today.

The team investigated whether star formation in the galaxies could have been responsible for clearing this haze, but their calculations suggested that the galaxies in this study are too small and too few. Bouwens said, “In all probability, many more galaxies exist at these early times, but they are fainter than we can see with current telescopes.”

Help is on the way. New powerful instruments are to be installed on Hubble next year, and the next decade will mark the rise of the next generation of telescopes, such as the James Webb Space Telescope and planned 30-meter-class ground-based telescopes. Therefore Labbé remains optimistic. “I suspect the HUDF has many more secrets to divulge. With the new instruments and telescopes, we should be able to pry many more discoveries from this relatively tiny sliver of the heavens.”

Original Source: Carnegie Institution News Release