Last year, astronomers discovered a quiescent black hole in a distant galaxy that erupted after shredding and consuming a passing star. Now researchers have identified a distinctive X-ray signal observed in the days following the outburst that comes from matter on the verge of falling into the black hole.
This tell-tale signal, called a quasi-periodic oscillation or QPO, is a characteristic feature of the accretion disks that often surround the most compact objects in the universe — white dwarf stars, neutron stars and black holes. QPOs have been seen in many stellar-mass black holes, and there is tantalizing evidence for them in a few black holes that may have middleweight masses between 100 and 100,000 times the sun’s.
Until the new finding, QPOs had been detected around only one supermassive black hole — the type containing millions of solar masses and located at the centers of galaxies. That object is the Seyfert-type galaxy REJ 1034+396, which at a distance of 576 million light-years lies relatively nearby.
“This discovery extends our reach to the innermost edge of a black hole located billions of light-years away, which is really amazing. This gives us an opportunity to explore the nature of black holes and test Einstein’s relativity at a time when the universe was very different than it is today,” said Rubens Reis, an Einstein Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Reis led the team that uncovered the QPO signal using data from the orbiting Suzaku and XMM-Newton X-ray telescopes, a finding described in a paper published today in Science Express.
The X-ray source known as Swift J1644+57 — after its astronomical coordinates in the constellation Draco — was discovered on March 28, 2011, by NASA’s Swift satellite. It was originally assumed to be a more common type of outburst called a gamma-ray burst, but its gradual fade-out matched nothing that had been seen before. Astronomers soon converged on the idea that what they were seeing was the aftermath of a truly extraordinary event — the awakening of a distant galaxy’s dormant black hole as it shredded and gobbled up a passing star. The galaxy is so far away that light from the event had to travel 3.9 billion years before reaching Earth.
Video info: On March 28, 2011, NASA’s Swift detected intense X-ray flares thought to be caused by a black hole devouring a star. In one model, illustrated here, a sun-like star on an eccentric orbit plunges too close to its galaxy’s central black hole. About half of the star’s mass feeds an accretion disk around the black hole, which in turn powers a particle jet that beams radiation toward Earth. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Conceptual Image Lab
The star experienced intense tides as it reached its closest point to the black hole and was quickly torn apart. Some of its gas fell toward the black hole and formed a disk around it. The innermost part of this disk was rapidly heated to temperatures of millions of degrees, hot enough to emit X-rays. At the same time, through processes still not fully understood, oppositely directed jets perpendicular to the disk formed near the black hole. These jets blasted matter outward at velocities greater than 90 percent the speed of light along the black hole’s spin axis. One of these jets just happened to point straight at Earth.
Nine days after the outburst, Reis, Strohmayer and their colleagues observed Swift J1644+57 using Suzaku, an X-ray satellite operated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency with NASA participation. About ten days later, they then began a longer monitoring campaign using the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton observatory.
“Because matter in the jet was moving so fast and was angled nearly into our line of sight, the effects of relativity boosted its X-ray signal enough that we could catch the QPO, which otherwise would be difficult to detect at so great a distance,” said Tod Strohmayer, an astrophysicist and co-author of the study at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.
As hot gas in the innermost disk spirals toward a black hole, it reaches a point astronomers refer to as the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO). Any closer to the black hole and gas rapidly plunges into the event horizon, the point of no return. The inward spiraling gas tends to pile up around the ISCO, where it becomes tremendously heated and radiates a flood of X-rays. The brightness of these X-rays varies in a pattern that repeats at a nearly regular interval, creating the QPO signal.
The data show that Swift J1644+57’s QPO cycled every 3.5 minutes, which places its source region between 2.2 and 5.8 million miles (4 to 9.3 million km) from the center of the black hole, the exact distance depending on how fast the black hole is rotating. To put this in perspective, the maximum distance is only about 6 times the diameter of our sun. The distance from the QPO region to the event horizon also depends on rotation speed, but for a black hole spinning at the maximum rate theory allows, the horizon is just inside the ISCO.
“QPOs send us information from the very brim of the black hole, which is where the effects of relativity become most extreme,” Reis said. “The ability to gain insight into these processes over such a vast distance is a truly beautiful result and holds great promise.”
Read our previous article on Swift J1644+57
Lead image caption: This illustration highlights the principal features of Swift J1644+57 and summarizes what astronomers have discovered about it. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
You know what’s weird? Somewhere out there, right now, a billion light years away from our galaxy scientists are studying our galaxy, checking out a supernova or a black hole eating star and saying it’s happening “right now”, even though it happened before the dinosaurs even roamed the earth.
This is not really a first principle test of relativity. It is more of a test of plasma dynamics in Schwarzschild spacetime near a black hole.
LC
Yes, I’m not seeing where the relativity comes in. The statement: ‘Because matter in the jet was moving so fast and was angled nearly into our line of sight, the effects of relativity boosted its X-ray signal enough that we could catch the QPO’ is just describing blue-shift of the signal due to the Doppler effect, isn’t it?
Correct.
But I think, what they mean is, that they can test how the accretion disk behaves very close to the event horizon, where the effects of GR are most severe. The Doppler boosting just gives them the possibility to observe it at all.
What you mention is more special relativity. Far from the black hole the curvature of spacetime becomes approximately flat. So the questions with the motion of the jet closely aligned in our direction is with special relativity. Special relativity is the case where an inertial reference frame is global, whereas with general relativity the global spacetime is patched together with local inertial frames. Special relativity is then a simple case, but problems in special relativity can be surprisingly difficult. The issues with looking at jets pointed towards us was not properly solved until the mid to late 1970s. Before then information about such jets were confused with the prospect of faster than light travel.
LC
No, it is referring to what is sometimes called the “headlight effect” which is a consequence of relativistic aberration:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_beaming#Aberration
Yes, this seems just to be a confirmation of that what we believe we know about BH, eventhorizons and relativity’s role, also seems to apply to BH at a larger distance (and hence further back in time). Not at all unimportant, but not really a NEW test. Unless one defines repeating an old test again as conducting a new test.
A repeat confirmation that QPO happens around around SMBH’s aswell as smaller BH is ofc a good thing.
The diagram illustrates a radius of innermost stable circular orbit. For the black hole of mass m and angular momentum J, the event horizon is at a radius r = m + sqrt{m^2 – a^2), where a is the angular momentum in length units a = J^2/mc. This is the horizon in the Kerr-Newman coordinates. If the angular momentum is zero the horizon is at r = 2m, which corresponds to the Schwarzschild metric. In the Schwarzschild metric the radius of the last stable circular orbit is at r = 3m. The radius of last stable orbit for the rotating black hole is closer than r = 3m, if the orbit is oriented with the rotation of the black hole. So this appears to be testing the behavior of material close to the actual event horizon.
LC
This is not really a first principle test of relativity. It is more of a test of plasma dynamics in the curved spacetime of the Schwarzschild metric.
LC
Amazing. A black hole devouring an entire sun. How did they know that it happened? The video looks really amazing.
“A truly extraordinary event — the awakening of a distant galaxy’s dormant black hole”.
Is it just me that finds this sort of anthropomorphising twaddle annoying? How can a black hole be either “dormant” or “awake”. Things just fall into it from time to time. This also goes for robotic machines wandering about Mars. The way some of the scientists go on about them you would think it’s their children out there or something, especially when they talk about being upset when they “die”. Personally I would get more emotional if my washing machine broke down unexpectedly. Sorry, OT there, but you know what I mean.