Category: Astronomy

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The more we learn about life on Earth, the more we realize that it can live in some of the most inhospitable places on the planet: encased in ice, in boiling water, and even in places with high radiation. But could life exist elsewhere in the Solar System? Could there be life on Uranus?

Maybe, but probably not.

There are a few problems. The first is the fact that Uranus has no solid surface. It’s mostly composed of ices: methane, water and ammonia. And then it’s enshrouded by an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. The second is that Uranus is really cold. Its cloud tops measure 49 K (?224 °C), and then it gets warmer inside down to the core, which has a temperature of 5,000 K.

You could imagine some perfect place inside Uranus, where the temperature could support life. The problem is that the pressures inside Uranus are enormous at those temperatures, and would crush life. The other problem is that life on Earth requires sunlight to provide energy. There’s no process inside Uranus, like volcanism on Earth, that would give life inside the planet a form of energy.

Life on Uranus would have to be vastly different from anything we have here on Earth to be able to survive. Of course, it’ll be almost impossible to ever send a spacecraft down into the planet to look for ourselves.

We have written many articles about the search for life in the Solar System. Here’s an article about how life on Mars might have been killed off. And here’s an article about how the soil on Mars might have supported life.

Here’s a link to Hubblesite’s News Releases about Uranus, and here’s NASA’s Solar System Exploration guide.

We have recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast just about Uranus. You can access it here: Episode 62: Uranus.

How’s the temperature on Uranus? Cold. In fact, the temperature of Uranus makes it the coldest planet in the Solar System. The average temperature of the cloud tops on Uranus is 49 K (?224 °C).

Why is Uranus so cold? The big problem is that Uranus isn’t generating any heat. The other giant planets in the Solar System actually give off more heat than they receive from the Sun. This is because they’re slowly compacting down, and this generates high temperatures inside their cores. Uranus has a core of only 5,000 K, while Jupiter’s core is 30,000 K. If you removed the Sun, Jupiter would still be visible in infrared telescopes because of this internal warmth, but Uranus would be very dark.

Astronomers aren’t sure why Uranus has such a low core temperature, but they think it has something to do with its bizarre rotation. Unlike the rest of the planets in the Solar System, Uranus is tilted right over onto its side. Scientists think that Uranus has a massive collision early on in its history, which knocked it over. This collision might have also allowed the planet to release much of its internal heat. Others believe that something about Uranus’ internal structure allows it to release this heat more easily than other planets.

We have written many articles about Uranus here on Universe Today. Here’s an article about how Uranus can actually get pretty stormy, and here’s an article about what should be found inside a gas giant.

If you’d like more info on Uranus, check out Hubblesite’s News Releases about Uranus. And here’s a link to the NASA’s Solar System Exploration Guide to Uranus.

We have recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast just about Uranus. You can access it here: Episode 62: Uranus.

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Uranus has a mass of roughly 14.5 times that of Earth, which makes it the least massive of the giant planets. Astronomers know that it’s mostly made of various ices, like water, ammonia and methane. And they theorize that Uranus probably has a solid core.

The core of Uranus probably only accounts for 20% of the radius of Uranus, and only about 0.55 Earth masses. With gravity of all the outer mantle and atmosphere, regions in the core experience a pressure of about 8 million bars, and have a temperature of 5,000 Kelvin. That sounds hot, like as hot as the surface of the Sun, but keep in mind that the core of Jupiter is more like 24,000 K – much hotter. The core of Uranus has a density of about 9 g/cm³, which makes it about twice as dense as the average density of the Earth.

For astronomers, Uranus has an unusually low temperature; and that’s a mystery. One ideas is that the same impact that knocked Uranus off its rotational axis might have also caused it to expel much of its primordial heat. With the heat gone, Uranus was able to cool down significantly further than the other planets. Another idea is that there’s some kind of barrier in Uranus’ upper atmosphere that prevents heat from the core to reach the surface.

We have written many stories about Uranus on Universe Today. Here’s an article about a dark spot in the clouds on Uranus, and here’s an article about the composition of Uranus.

If you’d like more info on Uranus, check out Hubblesite’s News Releases about Uranus. And here’s a link to the NASA’s Solar System Exploration Guide to Uranus.

We have recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast just about Uranus. You can access it here: Episode 62: Uranus.

Choose Your Observing Site To Use A Telescope

One of the most important things to begin with is to carefully choose the site you will use set up and use your telescope at. While it would be tempting to take your new telescope out of the box and use it that night, it’s best to wait just a day or two! Begin the first clear night by going outside a taking a good look around. You want to choose an observing site where the view is as unobstructed and as dark as possible. While you are doing this, keep in mind that it must be comfortable to you as well. While the vista might be far improved a kilometer away – do you really want to have to take your equipment that distance each time you want to use it? Look at many different alternatives. If you live in a city, perhaps a rooftop will serve well. Urban settings often have very suitable yards that will work for most observing projects and rural settings are ideal.

Light pollution is another factor when choosing your site. Again, keep in mind that you must have a site that is accessible to enjoy. It isn’t always possible if you live in a well-lit area to take your equipment remote each time you want to use your telescope – but a sheltered area, such as in the shadow of a house, often blocks stray light well enough to enjoy using your telescope right at home. Of course, finding a dark sky site is also important, too. But not half as much as just finding a spot that you will enjoy and use.

While out during the day, look for level, solid ground. No one wants to see their telescope take a tumble. While it is tempting to set up on a deck, remember that any footsteps will cause vibration in the image. Setting up on places like a blacktop driveway or concrete can also cause thermal issues, too. Avoid them when you can, but do not discard these types of sites if they are comfortable and accessible.

How To Set Up Your Telescope

While every telescope set-up is slightly different, they are all basically the same in some respects. There must be an optical tube of some type, a mount and eyepieces. Take the time to become familiar with all the components of your telescope! If you must assemble and dis-assemble your telescope each time you use it, it’s a very wise idea to practice a few times before you go out in the dark. There is simply nothing more frustrating that trying to learn to set up your equipment when you cannot see what you are doing – or to loose a small part in the dark. If it is at all possible, leave your telescope and tripod fully assembled and in a place where it is easy to set outside at a moment’s notice. You’ll find that you’ll use it far more often if it takes less work.

Your telescope’s view is also dependent on ambient temperature. If you wear eyeglasses, you understand why! If you go from a very cool environment, such as a air-conditioned house, into a humid outdoors setting, your glasses fog up, don’t they? And so will your telescope’s optics. The same is true when observing outdoors in the winter. When taking your telescope from a heated climate to a cold one, you must give the telescope time to “cool down”. Even just a few degrees can mean waiver in the image.

Align your finderscope in advance! While this sounds rather strange, another frustrating thing to do in the dark is to align a finderscope – especially on a moving target. Once you have learned to assembly your telescope, learn to align your finder. Set up your scope and aim at a distant object. Now align your finder to that object as well. This will make things much easier, later!

Once your telescope is set up, the last thing to remember is to stow your things neatly so you won’t have any problems finding them when it comes time to put things away. Dust covers and eyepieces cases are so easy to lose. Keep things neat and you won’t have any problems. Choose the eyepiece you think you will need in advance and have them in a place where you won’t need to fumble in the dark. Have your red flashlight and maps handy. These are just little things that make using your telescope much more enjoyable!

Choose Your Observing Times

Experience will become your best teacher. It won’t take long before you realize that very humid nights or exceptionally cold ones are not particularly good times to observe. Unless you plan on looking at the Moon itself, nights that are well moon-lit are also not good times to search for a faint galaxy, either. Little things, like waiting for a planet to clear the atmospheric “murk” at the lower horizon mean a much better viewing experience.

How To Use A Telescope

Now that you have your observing site, learned to set up, and established a time to practice astronomy… Let’s learn how to use your telescope!

If you have an equatorial mount, align the axis to the pole star. Altazimuth mounts do not need this step. Take off your dustcaps and stow them away. Double check to make sure your tripod legs are secure. Choose your low power eyepiece and put it in the focuser. Are you ready? Now, loosen the axis and take aim at a star using your finderscope. When the star is aligned in the center of the finder, tighten the axis and it’s time to go to the eyepiece. Gently adjust the focus in or out until you have a crisp, clean image. Now watch the star move. This direction is always west – regardless of the orientation in the eyepiece. For equatorial mounts, use your slow motion cables to learn to “track” the star. For altazimuth mounts, use the pan control or shift the tube manually (dobsonian models). Once you have learned to “follow” and object, it’s time to star hop!

Each time you go to a new object with an equatorial mount, you must unlock the axis. The same is true with some styles of altazimuth mounts. Once you have the general location in the finder, lock the axis back up and use the slow motion cable controls or panhandle control to make small moves. Using a low power eyepiece first will help you locate things much easier, and you can then switch to more magnification once the object is located.

When you are finished for the evening, make sure to replace all your dustcaps. If your optics should become dewed, don’t wipe them off. Allow them to air dry to avoid micro-scratches on delicate coatings. Always make sure to give your observing area one last check before leaving just in case you’ve forgotten something!

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Uranus is a ball of ice and gas, so you can’t really say that it has a surface. If you tried to land a spacecraft on Uranus, it would just sink down through the upper atmosphere of hydrogen and helium, and into the liquid icy center.

When we look at Uranus, we see the blue-green color that seems to come from the surface of Uranus. This color is light from the Sun reflected off Uranus’ surface. The atmosphere of Uranus contains hydrogen and helium, and most importantly, it has relatively large amounts of methane. This methane absorbs color in the red end of the spectrum of light, while photons at the blue end of the spectrum are able to reflect off the clouds and go back into space. So the full spectrum of the Sun’s light goes in, the red and orange end of the spectrum is absorbed, and the blue green end of the spectrum bounces back out. And this is why the surface of Uranus has its color.

But let’s imagine that the surface of Uranus was actually solid, and you could walk around. You might be surprised to know that you would only experience 89% the gravity that you feel back on Earth. Even though Uranus has 14.5 times more mass than Earth, it has 63 times the volume of Earth. Uranus is the second least dense planet in the Solar System, so it has a relatively weak gravity on its surface.

We have written several articles about Uranus for Universe Today. Here’s a story about what’s inside a gas giant, and here’s one about two new moons discovered for Uranus.

If you’d like more info on Uranus, check out Hubblesite’s News Releases about Uranus. And here’s a link to the NASA’s Solar System Exploration Guide to Uranus.

We have recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast just about Uranus. You can access it here: Episode 62: Uranus.

We understand the weather on Earth. The Sun heats the air at the equator, causing it to rise. The warm air goes to the poles, cools down and sinks, and then circulates back. Scientists call this Hadley Circulation. The weather on Uranus works very differently. This is because Uranus is tilted over onto its side, rotating at an angle of 99-degrees.

Over the course of its 84-year orbit, the north pole of Uranus is facing towards the Sun, and the south pole is in total darkness. And then the situation reverses for the rest of the planet’s journey around the Sun. Instead of heating the clouds at the equator, the Sun heats up one pole, and then the other. You would expect the pole facing the Sun to warm up, and to have air currents move towards the other pole.

But this isn’t what happens. The weather on Uranus follows an identical pattern to what we see on Jupiter and Saturn. The weather systems are broken up into bands that rotate around the planet. While Uranus has a completely different tilt from Jupiter and Saturn, it does have internal heat rising up from within. It appears that this internal heat plays a much bigger role in creating the planet’s weather system than the heat from the Sun.

Although less than Jupiter and Saturn, the wind speeds on Uranus can reach 900 km/hour, and seem to be changing as the planet approaches its equinox – when the rings are seen edge on.

We have written many articles about the weather on Uranus for Universe Today. Here’s one that talks about how stormy the planet can get. And here’s one about the discovery of a dark spot in the clouds on Uranus.

If you’d like more info on Uranus, check out Hubblesite’s News Releases about Uranus. And here’s a link to the NASA’s Solar System Exploration Guide to Uranus.

We have recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast just about Uranus. You can access it here: Episode 62: Uranus.

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The orbit of Uranus takes 84.3 year to complete one revolution around the Sun. In other words, 1 Uranian year is 84.3 Earth years.

Like the rest of the planets in the Solar System, Uranus doesn’t have a perfectly circular orbit. Instead, it follows an elliptical path around the Sun. Astronomers call a planet’s closest approach to the Sun perihelion. The perihelion for Uranus is 2.75 billion km, or 18.4 astronomical units (1 AU is the distance from the Earth to the Sun). The most distant point of orbit is called aphelion. The aphelion of Uranus is 3.00 billion km, or 20 astronomical units. On average, Uranus orbits at a distance of 2.88 billion km, or 19.2 AU.

Uranus is unique among the planets in the Solar System because of its axial tilt. While Earth is tilted at a mere 23.5 degrees, Uranus has rolled over completely sideways, with an axial tilt of 99-degrees. This has a significant impact on the planet’s seasons. The north pole of Uranus experiences 42 years of complete darkness, followed by 42 years of sunlight, where the Sun never dips below in the horizon. Astronomers aren’t sure why Uranus is flipped over sideways, but they think an impact from a protoplanet early in its history gave it the momentum it needed to roll over.

We’ve written many articles about Uranus for Universe Today. Here’s an article about how we got to see the planet’s rings edge on, and another about how the atmosphere of Uranus can be more violent than previously believed.

If you’d like more info on Uranus, check out Hubblesite’s News Releases about Uranus. And here’s a link to the NASA’s Solar System Exploration Guide to Uranus.

We have recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast just about Uranus. You can access it here: Episode 62: Uranus.