Astronomers aren't sure what dark matter is, but they carefully observe to determine which models best match the data. Astronomers have recently developed a method to measure the speed of dark matter compared to other objects in the Universe. As a cloud of dark matter moves past a galaxy, gravity pulls particles towards it in a curving trajectory. The speed of the dark matter can be measured through its effects on the galaxy and vice versa.

Almost every galaxy in the local Universe seems to contain a supermassive black hole. There's a direct relationship between the two. Astronomers have wondered if this relationship existed in the Universe's earliest times, just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. Researchers studied images from JWST and other telescopes to identify the earliest galaxies and their supermassive black holes. Does this relationship extend to the very beginning of the Universe?