Now that its MARSIS radar instrument is working perfectly, ESA's Mars Express has turned up evidence of buried impact craters, layered deposits at the Martian north pole, and deep underground water-ice. One unusual discovery is a 250-km diameter (155-mile) circular structure buried under the ground; probably an impact crater which seems to be a rich source of water ice.
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NASA researchers working with the Mars Exploration Rovers have released a new set of papers that describe conditions on Mars billions of years ago, when there were large areas of liquid water. Approximately 3.5 billion years ago, the terrain around Endurance Crater probably looked like the White Sands region of New Mexico: salt flats occasionally covered by water and surrounded by dunes.
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Astronomers from Penn State University and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics have found a miniature solar system in the making. A failed star with a hundredth the mass of our own Sun seems to have a planet forming disc of dust and gas surrounding it. With only 8 times the mass of Jupiter, this brown dwarf star is more like a large planet, and yet it's capable of forming a planetary system of its own.
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Cassini has returned amazing photographs of ice volcanoes erupting from the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus. On a previous pass of the moon, Cassini detected particles of water vapour stretching hundreds of kilometres above its surface, and this photograph shows the ice volcanoes in action. It's believed they're spewing out material that refreshes the ice in Saturn's E-ring.
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Japan's asteroid explorer, Hayabusa, successfully touched down onto the surface of asteroid Itokawa Saturday for the second time in a week, and the Japanese Agency announced that it's clutching a sample of material. The spacecraft will now begin the long journey back to Earth, and it all goes well, its sample capsule should land in the Australian outback in June 2007. This will be the first time material from an asteroid will ever be sampled back here on the Earth.
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Have you ever heard that Venus can be so bright it can cast shadows? Well, very few people have ever actually seen their shadow cast by Venus, though. If you're up for the challenge, find a completely dark location before December 3rd; completely away from the lights of the city, and during a time when the Moon is absent from the night sky. As the sky darkens, the brightest object will be Venus. Hold your hand in front of a white piece of paper, and you should be able to see a very faint shadow.
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This image taken by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory shows the ongoing expansion of supernova SN 1970G, which exploded more than 35 years ago. Astronomers estimate that the shockwaves from the supernova will crash into shells of material shed by the star about 25,000 years ago, completing its transition into a supernova remnant.
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Everyday, small children ask the darnedest things. Why is the sky blue? Where does the sun go at night? What's a belly button for? These and endless others keep parents on their toes. But, when it comes to discussing emotions, even the smartest parent may be in a quandary. Just look at the challenges of Cyrano de Bergerac to describe love. Susan Lendroth writes and Enrique Moreiro illustrates the book
Why Explore? to bring visual and rythmic nuances to this equally challenging question on why some many people try their darnedest to exceed the boundaries of today.
Greetings, fellow SkyWatchers! It's New Moon week and time for a galaxy quest ranging from binocular to large scope studies. We'll start out "Messier" with M74 and M77, but it will get more challenging as we locate Caldwell 23 and Abell Galaxy Cluster 347. Don't worry about being a "Dumbbell." because M76 and Mars are here, too. We'll have a look at the planets and head on back to our own galaxy group with M33 by the end of the week and the Moon's return. So, dress warm and head out because...
Here's what's up!
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The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is celebrating its 10th anniversary of operations on December 2nd, 2005. Over the course of these 10 years, SOHO has revealed the nature of the Sun's atmosphere, the links between its magnetic fields and coronal mass ejections, and even discovered more than 1,000 comets. Scientists even figured out how to use SOHO to probe the far side of the Sun.
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Telescopes from around the world are constantly scanning the skies searching for potential Earth-crossing asteroids. The majority if these objects pose little to no threat to us, but the potentially devastating space rocks are out there. The European Space Agency is working on a mission called Don Quixote which would attempt to shift the orbit of an asteroid to understand the mechanics of this kind of operation.
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Now on its way to our nearest planetary neighbour, Venus Express tested its VIRTIS optics system by taking pictures of the Earth and the Moon. ESA controllers ran the spacecraft through a commissioning phase to test all of its scientific instruments. It took pictures of the Earth and the Moon when it was 3.5 million kilometres away. The VIRTIS instrument is also on board the Rosetta spacecraft, which also took images of our planet. ESA scientists will be able to compare the images to ensure the instrument is working perfectly.
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The newly installed AMBER instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope Interferometer combines the light from two or three 8.2 metre telescopes creating a virtual telescope 40 - 90 metres across (131 - 295 feet). It was used to observe a young, newly forming star called MWC 297, and discovered that it's surrounded by a proto-planetary disc which is strangely truncated near the star.
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In this Cassini image of Mimas perched in front of Saturn's moons, you can clearly see its giant crater Herschel. The 130-kilometer (80-mile) crater makes the moon look like the Death Star from Star Wars. Cassini took this image on October 13, 2005 when it was approximately 711,000 kilometers (442,000 miles) from Mimas.
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This photograph of a fractured and crater-scarred Dione was taken by Cassini on October 11, 2005, when the spacecraft was only 19,600 kilometers (12,200 miles) away from the moon. Most of the craters in this image have bright walls and dark deposits of material on their floors. Rock slides on the surface of Dione can reveal cleaner ice, while the darker materials accumulate in lower areas.
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Bob Christmas took this picture of Mars and the Pleiades on October 3, 2005 from Ontario, Canada. Bob used a Canon 135mm telephoto lens set at f/4.
Do you have photos you'd like to share? Post them to the
Universe Today astrophotography forum or
email them to me directly, and I might feature one in Universe Today.
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Amateur astrophotographer
R Jay GaBany took this picture of the
Dumbbell Nebula Nova that was discovered on the 17th - 18th, August 2005. GaBany worked with Wolfgang Renz, of the BAV (German Workgroup for Variable Stars), to provide imagery that confirmed the discovery.
Do you have photos you'd like to share? Post them to the
Universe Today astrophotography forum or
email them to me directly, and I might feature one in Universe Today.
Officials from the Japanese space agency (JAXA) announced yesterday that Hayabusa successfully touched down on asteroid Itokawa last weekend, bounced at least once, and spent 39 minutes "resting" on the surface. It then launched back up into space again. Unfortunately, it failed to drop equipment that would allow it to collect samples from the asteroid's surface. Hayabusa will head back to the potato-shaped asteroid on Friday and attempt another landing.
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Since the Moon only has a slight tilt, some of its mountains are bathed in eternal sunlight, and would make ideal places to put solar panels to power a future moon base. The European Space Agency's SMART-1 spacecraft is currently mapping the Moon, and one its missions is to identify some of these peaks of eternal light. These peaks could also provide a very stable environment, always approximately 20-degrees below zero Celsius. There are probably also craters in the region which are in eternal shadow, and could contain water ice.
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Cassini took this amazing image of Saturn's moon Dione on approach to its recent October 11, 2005 rendezvous; Saturn itself sits in the background. Dione is much darker on its western side in this image, and you can see the bright wispy fresh canyons right at the edge. Cassini took this image when it was approximately 24,500 kilometers (15,200 miles) from Dione.
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NASA's Spirit rover recently celebrated its one year anniversary on the surface of Mars... that's one Martian year. Spirit has now been exploring the Red Planet for more than 669 days. Not bad considering the rovers were only expected to perform for 60-90 days until their solar panels became so clogged with dust they wouldn't function. And even after surviving more than 7-times their expected lifetimes, Spirit and its twin Opportunity are still going strong, and should be returning much more science.
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Researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder think they've found evidence that the very early Earth had continents soon after the planet formed, overturning theories that the planet was Moon-like, or covered with oceans. The team analyzed a rare element called hafnium in ancient minerals from the Jack Hills in Western Australia. It showed that continental crusts had formed 4.4 - 4.5 billion years ago, and were then recycled into the Earth's mantle.
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Researchers are finding that the mysterious dark energy found to be accelerating the expansion of the Universe is remarkably well predicted by Einstein's cosmological constant. Einstein originally added this constant to balance out the gravitation of the Universe, but threw it out after seeing evidence of the Big Bang. An international team of researchers has performed the Supernova Legacy Survey, and found that it calculates dark energy to be within 10% of Einstein's prediction.
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If you're going to be traveling by airplane, take a look out the window; you might be amazed. On the side opposite to the Sun, you could see the shadow of the airplane in the clouds, and shimmering rings of colour surrounding it. Look out the sunward side, and you might see ice halos - arcs of light caused by ice crystals in the high clouds. And don't forget to look up. You're above much of the Earth's atmosphere, and should be able to see a clearer view of the night sky than from the ground.
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In this Cassini image of Saturn's moon Dione, you can see the wispy features that run across its surface. It's also possible to see the craters Dido and Antenor near the moon's terminator at lower left. Cassini took this image on October 9, 2005 from a distance of 1.8 million kilometers (1.1 million miles).
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NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter fired its main engine for 20 seconds on Friday, fine-tuning its course towards the Red Planet. The spacecraft is schedule to reach Mars on March 10, 2006. Since its August 12 launch, the spacecraft has traveled about 60% of the distance between Earth and Mars, and it will make 4 more adjustments before arriving at Mars. Once it does arrive, MRO will spend about half a year adjusting its orbit before beginning its science phase.
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The branch of science called physics comes with a long history of preliminary conjectures later proven or disproved via experimentation. Brave champions pillared their beliefs before friend and foe alike with the simple desire to contribute. Those correct in their postulations live for eternity in textbooks, while those who fail ignobly disappear. Arthur Miller in his book
Empire of the Stars dusts off the fairly recent instantiation of ideas and postulations surrounding black holes. In it he shows that even being correct may not necessarily add your name to the wall of physics fame.
Greetings, fellow SkyWatchers! Let's start the week off with one of the finest globular clusters for both hemispheres - M2. There's plenty in store as we explore history, take a look at planetary nebulae, seek out galaxies and hunt down open clusters. A pair of occultations will round out the week as we keep our eyes on the skies...
And find out what's up!
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One of the main challenges of returning humans to the Moon will be how to deal with all that gritty, clingy moondust. Scientists believe that ultraviolet radiation charges individual grains of dust, giving them a static charge. NASA is studying individual grains of moondust returned by Apollo astronauts to how much charge they can build up, and the results have been surprising. Ultraviolet radiation can give a grain of moondust 10 times more charge than the theories had calculated.
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Modern spaceflight is dependent on reliable computers to handle navigation, life support, and other functions. The problem is that radiation in space, such as cosmic rays can cause computer chips to calculate incorrectly. NASA is working a solution that would run multiple redundant computers to do the same calculation several times over and then vote on which is the correct result. If a cosmic ray caused one processor to make a mistake, the other processors would still be correct, and the error would be prevented.
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Most geologists believe that the early history of our planet was an extreme, "hellish" environment, under constant bombardment from asteroids, and completely devoid of modern formations, like continents. Researchers from ANU disagree, and think they've found evidence that continents had already formed within the first 500 million years, and there was liquid water interacting with rocks. The Earth at that time might have looked remarkably similar to our current planet, complete with continents and oceans.
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Astronomers have turned up 19 new gravitationally lensed quasars using photographs from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). 8 of these are what are known as "Einstein's Rings", where a nearby galaxy and a more distant quasar are perfectly lined up from our vantage point. The nearby galaxy acts as a lens to gravitationally focus the light from the quasar to magnify our view of it.
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After 4 months of operation, Mars Express' MARSIS radar instrument has gathered a tremendous amount of data about the Red Planet. So far, the instrument has been focused on Mars' upper atmosphere, or ionosphere, which is the highly electrically conducting layer maintained by sunlight. ESA scientists are working develop the first conclusions about the nature and behaviour of how this region of Mars' atmosphere interacts with the planet and the surrounding environment.
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More than half the stars in our galaxy are small, dim M-class stars. Until now, researchers looking for extraterrestrial civilizations have passed over them, since they probably don't give off enough light to support life. But SETI researchers now think that they might be good candidates after all. A planet in orbit around an M-class star would have billions and billions of years orbiting its slow-burning star for life to evolve.
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An Ariane 5 rocket blasted off Thursday from Kourou, French Guiana carrying two satellites: Spaceway 2 broadcast satellite for DIRECTV, and the Telcom 2 communications satellite for PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk. The combined weight of the two satellites was more than 8,000 kg (17,500 pounds), making this the heaviest double payload ever launched.
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NASA/Stanford's Gravity Probe B spacecraft recently wrapped up a year of gathering data about the Earth's gravity field. If Einstein was correct, the Earth's rotation should twist up our planet's gravity field like a vortex. Scientists at NASA and Stanford are now analyzing the mountains of data sent back by the spacecraft to detect any shift in its orientation, which would indicate this vortex of gravity.
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Astrophysicists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have developed a computer simulation that fails to support one of two major theories of star formation: the competitive accretion model. In this model, clumps form in hydrogen clouds which then collapse to form stars which compete with surrounding stars for material. The simulation showed that turbulence around the newborn star would prevent additional material from falling into the star.
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NASA's Spirit Mars rover recently observed the Martian moon Phobos pass through Mars' shadow. When this event happens here on Earth, it's called a lunar eclipse, as the Moon darkens and then brightens again as it passes through our shadow. This "Phobal eclipse" lasted about 26 minutes, but Spirit was only able to capture images from the first 15 minutes.
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This is the best photograph ever taken of Saturn's F ring shepherd moon Pandora, taken by the spacecraft on September 5, 2005. This tiny moon is only 84 kilometers (52 miles) across, and covered in grooves and small ridges. This indicates that it's probably coated in dust-sized material, which then fractures in places. Cassini was 52,000 kilometers (32,000 miles) from Pandora when it took this picture.
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ESA's Integral gamma-ray observatory has discovered a new class of X-ray fast transient binary stars, which had gone undiscovered in previous observations. This new class of double stars systems always has a bright supergiant star with some kind of compact companion - like a black hole, neutron star or pulsar. It gives off energetic busts of X-rays which flare up quickly and then fade away. It's possible that the compact companion tangles up the supergiant's powerful solar wind with its gravity, and then feeds on it in bits and pieces.
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This unique photograph, taken by NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory, contains not one, but two supernova remnants. The pair are known as DEM L316, and they're located in the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy. The gas shell at the upper-left contains considerably much more iron, so it's probably the product of a Type 1a, triggered by the infall of matter from a companion star onto a white dwarf. The lower-right shell is a Type II supernova, the remains of a massive star that exploded a few million years into its short life.
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In this face-on view of Saturn's rings, the darker Cassini Division is clearly visible. On the left is Saturn's massive B ring, which is has its edge maintained by Mimas, one of its moons. This photograph was taken on May 18, 2005, when Cassini was approximately 1.6 million km (1 million miles) from Saturn.
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NASA has announced that its Ames Research Center will manage the agency's new Robotic Lunar Exploration Program. Before humans set foot on the Moon again, a fleet of robots will map the lunar surface in tremendous detail. NASA Ames has already sent robots to the Moon; most recently the Lunar Prospector, which was launched on January 6, 1998. The spacecraft orbited the Moon, and found evidence of water ice at its poles.
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Star-forming region NGC 1333 is located 1,000 light-years away in the constellation Perseus, and is normally enshrouded by thick dust. NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope used its infrared capabilities to pierce this dust layer to reveal the young stars hidden inside. Astronomers are hoping to use Spitzer to spot any nascent planetary structures around these young stars. Now that they're getting going, the young stars are firing out jets of radiation that are steadily clearing the surrounding region of additional dust.
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Greetings, fellow SkyWatchers! With plenty of Moon and Mars to go around this week, let's see what else we can find as we begin by honoring the Southern Hemisphere and 47 Tucanae. We'll explore in Cassiopeia, watch for the Leonid meteor shower, capture double stars and look at both northern - and southern - spiral galaxies. So keep your eye on the sky...
Because here's what's up!
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