A researcher from Washington University in St. Louis is developing techniques that will help understand how early life developed and diverged here on Earth, to help predict where and what form it might take on Mars. Carrine Blank has traced the genetic relationships between different classes of bacteria, and determined when they broke away from each other to evolve into distinct organisms. These patterns of divergence have happened in several places on Earth, so it's possible they happened on Mars too.
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Think astronomy is a boring task of poring over data or staring at star chart after start chart? Sometimes, it can get downright exciting, like when a worldwide alert goes off signifying a new gamma ray burst in the sky. Monday, May 9, 2005 saw not one, but two, gamma ray bursts as NASA's HETE-2 and SWIFT x-ray satellites each managed to sound the alarm from low-earth orbit. One of these events may prove to be just the breakthrough needed to help astrophysicists better understand just how such highly explosive events actually come about. But they've really got to hustle to get the objects imaged before they fade away, and take all their secrets with them.
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Cassini has confirmed the discovery of a previously unseen moon tucked in a gap in Saturn's A ring. The moon, provisionally called S/2005 S1 for now, is only 7 km (4 miles) across, and orbits within the Keeler gap. Even though it's so small, you can clearly see the effect of its gravity on the nearby ring edge, which has distinctive waves along its edge. The is the second moon ever discovered within Saturn's rings. The first, Pan, is 25 km (16 miles) across and orbits within the Encke gap. All the other moons are outside the ring system.
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With the launch of NASA's Swift spacecraft, Gamma Ray Bursts - those "most powerful explosions in the Universe" - have been in the news on a regular basis. When a GRB is detected, a worldwide network of instruments tune in and image the afterglow in every possible wavelength, from radio to visible to gamma ray. But some bursts are "dark", causing a brilliant flash in gamma rays, but absolutely nothing in the visible spectrum. The "dark gamma ray bursters" are a mystery to astronomers, but a team of international astronomers think they have a way to narrow down the search for an explanation.
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Our Sun can flare up from time to time, but probably nothing like the superflares it created in its early days. According to new observations by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory of a nursery of young stars in the Orion Nebula, young stars can produce flares on an incredible scale - many times greater than anything we'd see on the Sun today. Surprisingly, these flares might force rocky planets to keep their distance from their parent star, preventing them from spiraling in to their destruction.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft took this photograph of Saturn's chaotic, tumbling moon Hyperion. Only 266 km (165 miles) across, Hyperion one very large crater which scientists are trying to use to pin down just how quickly the moon is spinning. This image was taken by Cassini on March 19, 2005 when the spacecraft was just 1.3 million km (824,000 miles) away - its second best view of the moon so far.
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Greetings, fellow SkyWatchers! We'll begin the week with a challenging unaided eye observation and head out to deep space as we venture toward NGC 2903 and the "Sunflower" Galaxy. The Moon will soon join the scene and we'll explore some of its nightly features, but not before we've had a chance to catch two comets! There will be occultations, jovian activity and a new double star to delight the eye, so head out under dark skies because...
Here's what's up!
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The European Space Agency's Mars Express took this image of 140-km (87 mile) Crater Holden on the surface of Mars. This crater is very old, with numerous smaller impact craters inside it, which formed later. It's also heavily eroded, with the characteristic central mount nearly completely covered by sediments. The rim of the crater has been cut in several places by gullies, which seem to form small valley networks.
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Controllers with the European Space Agency have deployed the first of Mars Express' MARSIS radar booms. During the operation, however, they detected an anomaly with one of the 13 segments that make up the telescoping boom - segment 10 hasn't fully locked into place. Controllers are going to hold off extending the second boom until they can figure out what's happening with the first. Once fully deployed, the MARSIS radar will allow Mars Express to map the subsurface of the Red Planet, searching for underground reservoirs of water.
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Saturn's moon Phoebe might have arrived at the planet after a long journey from the outer Solar System, according to new research from NASA. When Cassini analyzed the heavily cratered moon in June 2004, it found that it was ice rich, but covered with a thin layer of darker material. This is a similar composition to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt Objects. Phoebe likely started further out, but then was redirected towards the inner solar system through interactions with other objects. Finally, it was captured by Saturn into a stable orbit.
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Scientists analyzing images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor think they might have located the Mars Polar Lander spacecraft, which crashed onto Mars in December 1999. The team developed techniques for spotting spacecraft by analyzing the landing sites of the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. They think they've found MPL's parachute, exhaust blast, and the actual spacecraft. Additional, higher resolution images will be taken by MGS later this year to confirm the discovery.
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The European Space Agency's Envisat satellite snapped this picture of a marine phytoplankton bloom forming off the coast of Spain, in the Bay of Biscay. Blooms like this occur frequently in the bay this time of year, since the water is cold, but very nutrient rich. As the water warms to a certain level, the plankton's growth explodes. It's important to monitor these blooms, as phytoplankton forms the base of the marine food chain.
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Our star goes through an 11-year cycle of solar activity. At the recent height of the cycle, the Sun blasted off some of the most powerful flares and coronal mass ejections ever seen. And during the minimum, due in 2006, it's supposed to be calm, right? Well, not exactly. Even during the lowest point of solar activity, the Sun still blasts off a few of the most powerful X-class flares. Unprotected astronauts caught in the radiation would probably get pretty sick.
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The amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface has been on the rise for the past decade on average, potentially accelerating the effects of global warming. Scientists had been measuring a decrease in sunlight from the 1960s to the 1990s, because of rising pollution was actually blocking sunlight. With better pollution controls in place, the planet's surface has brightened by about 4% in the last 10 years.
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Prolonged exposure to microgravity causes astronauts to lose bone and muscle, so they have to exercise for hours a day to stay healthy. NASA is working on a new strategy that could involve just laying down and going for a spin - in a short-radius centrifuge. 32 test subjects will spend 21 days in bed rest, simulating the effects of microgravity. Some will spend an hour a day in a centrifuge that simulates 2.5 times the Earth's gravity. It's hoped that this treatment can reverse the loss of bone and muscle mass.
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Skywatchers are in for a treat tonight as the eta Aquarid meteors will be putting on a show. Observers in the southern hemisphere should be able to see 15-60 meteors an hour depending on the darkness of the skies. Those in the northern hemisphere won't be so lucky, seeing only about 10 meteors an hour. Look to the constellation of Aquarius, towards the East in the early morning of May 6, and you should see a more than a few meteors. Be patient, dress warmly, and bring a friend or two..
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The European Space Agency's Envisat satellite is building up the highest resolution map ever created of the entire Earth. Once complete, it will provide coverage of the every spot on Earth with three times the resolution of any previous survey. The final image set at a resolution of 300 metres will use up 20 terabytes of memory, and provide a resource for scientists, developers, and planners.
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Geologists have built up a suite of tools and techniques that let them peer back in time to watch the formative stages of the Earth and how it's changed over time - by looking inside rocks. By analyzing trapped water and air in rocks, geologists are studying how our atmosphere changed 3.9 billion years ago, when the crust of the planet was just forming, and there wasn't any oxygen in the air.
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Astronomers aren't stuck looking at plain old light any more. There's a whole electromagnetic spectrum out there, ready to be explored, from 21cm hydrogen radio-waves through microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, to gamma rays and beyond, astronomers have instruments for all seasons and all wavelengths. High-energy gamma rays are blocked by the Earth's atmosphere - which is good for our health - but astronomers can still see them thanks to a process called Cherenkov radiation telescopy.
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The theory of panspermia proposes that life really gets around, jumping fron planet to planet - or even from star to star. Life might be everywhere! Assuming this is true, how do single-celled bacteria make the journey through the vacuum of space? Easy, they use chunks of rock as space ships, in a process called lithopanspermia. And now, researchers from Princeton and the University of Michigan think that life carrying rocks might have been right there at the beginning of our solar system, keeping their tiny astronauts safe and sound, frozen in statis until the planets formed and the right conditions let them thaw out, stretch their proteins, and begin a process leading from microbe to mankind.
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The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft took this image of our home planet during its recent gravity assisting flyby. The spacecraft swept past the Earth on March 4/5 to get a speed boost on its way to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. It studied the Earth and Moon using several instruments while it was in the neighbourhood and now the ESA has processed the images it sent back.
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The next mission to make the journey to the Red Planet, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, has arrived at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Engineers will assemble various components, and test everything to ensure it's ready for launch. If all goes well, the MRO will lift off in August atop a Lockheed Martin Atlas V rocket, and then make the journey to Mars. MRO will study both the surface and underground of Mars in tremendous detail, and survey potential future landing sites.
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NASA has decided to push back the launch of the space shuttle Discovery to July to give engineers more time to deal with some potential safety concerns with the return to flight. Managers are concerned about ice building up on the shuttle external tank, which could fall off and damage the orbiter during take off. The shuttle will be rolled back to the assembly building to make additional improvements. NASA is currently targeting a launch window of July 13 to 31.
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Greetings, fellow SkyWatchers.This week's early dark skies will promote plenty of deep space action as we view the M51, M94, M53, and M64. Mid-week will provide some excitement as the reliable children of Comet Halley streak across our atmosphere during the peak of the Eta Aquarid meteor shower. In two months, Deep Impact will have reached Comet Tempel 1 - but why wait until then to view it? You can see it now! The call goes out to observers to help in scientific study and the week ends with a special treat. So grab your binoculars and telescopes and head out under dark skies...
Because here's what's up!
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Alan Shepard flew first in the United States' space program and second overall in the space race. A brief 15 minute suborbital flight pitched him a few hundred kilometres east of his launch site. Later, as commander of Apollo 14, he walked on the moon's surface. But with 74 years of living, there was much more to his life which Neal Thompson openly and warmly presents in his marvellous book, Light This Candle, The Life and Times of Alan Shepard.
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Astronomers working with the European Southern Observatory have confirmed the first direct photograph of a planet orbiting another star. The team originally announced their discovery in September 2004, but they confirmed their findings this year using the powerful new NACO instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope in northern Chile. The planet is approximately five times the size of Jupiter, and orbits its brown dwarf star at about the distance that Neptune travels around the Sun.
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Now that it's completed flybys past several of Saturn's moons, Cassini will spend the next five months analyzing the planet's great system of rings. It'll view the rings from a position inclined 24-degrees, and orbit the planet 7 times, from now until September. This perspective will allow Cassini to analyze the rings in various wavelengths of light, from infrared to visible to ultraviolet. Cassini will also be in the perfect position to watch several occultations, where the rings pass in front of stars, and help scientists precisely measure their thickness and opacity.
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Gravitational lensing happens when the gravity of a relatively close galaxy acts as a telescope lens to focus the light from a more distant galaxy. It allows astronomers to see distant objects they could never have a hope of observing with current instruments, essentially looking back to moments after the Big Bang (cosmically speaking). The galaxies are never perfectly lined up, though, and the "natural telescope" is a bit blurry. But now astronomer Remi Cabanac has found one of the most complete lenses ever discovered: a near perfect Einstein Ring, magnifying a distant galaxy with incredible clarity.
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Before the first human steps foot on the Moon again, robots will have already done the ground work, searching out sources of water ice that could be used for fuel, air, and growing plants. The first will be the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, scheduled for launch in 2008. It will carry 6 different instruments, and map out the surface of the Moon in high detail. Approximately one new mission will launch each year after that, until humans arrive on the Moon, no later than 2020.
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Mission controllers at the European Space Agency are now planning to deploy the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding instrument (MARSIS) on Mars Express in the first half of May. They delayed deploying the two 20-metre (65 foot) booms (and another, smaller boom) because simulations predicted that they could swing back and actually hit the spacecraft. They will put the spacecraft in a mode that will allow it to tumble freely while the deployment is performed to minimize risk to Mars Express.
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This image, taken by the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft, shows the Tithonium Chasma region of the Valles Marineris canyon on Mars. It ranges from 10 to 110 km (6 to 68 miles) in width, and has a maximum depth of 4 km (2.5 miles). The edges of the canyon have gone through significant erosion, and it's possible to see several landslides. Since Valles Marineris cuts so deep into Mars' surface, it gives geologists a unique view back in time through Mars' geologic history.
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NASA's Deep Impact took its first photograph of its cometary target, Comet Temple 1, which it will smash into in just 10 weeks. Deep Impact took this image when it was 64 million kilometers (39.7 million miles) away. While it's just a few grainy pixels today, it will be the best view ever taken of a comet when the spacecraft streaks past on July 4. It will release the 1-m impactor shortly before reaching the comet, which will smash into it and carve out a crater the size of a football field.
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European Space Agency astronaut Thomas Reiter from Germany will become the first from the agency to spend several months on board the International Space Station. Although ESA astronauts have visited the station several times before, they usually only stick around for about a week, perform a bunch of experiments, and then join the returning crew for the Soyuz flight home. Reiter will be launched with the Space Shuttle flight STS-121, currently planned for July 2006.
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Astronomers have theorized that Mira AB is a binary star system consisting of an evolved red giant star and a white dwarf star, and now the Chandra X-Ray Observatory has been able to resolve their relationship. Chandra can actually resolve the stream of matter flowing off the red giant, which is then captured by the white dwarf. This matter heats up as it bunches up around the white dwarf, and blazes in the X-ray spectrum. Mira AB is only 450 light-years away, and the stars are separated by approximately twice the distance of the Sun and Pluto.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft has taken the best image so far of Saturn's small, irregular moon Epimetheus. Cassini took this photograph when it was only 74,600 kilometers (46,350 miles) away from the rocky moon. Clearly visible in the image is a large crater called Hilairea, which has a diameter of about 33 kilometers (21 miles). It takes up a large chunk of Epimetheus' surface, considering the moon is only 116 kilometers (72 miles) across.
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Still rolling along across the surface of Mars, NASA's Spirit rover recently spotted a dust devil whirling across the Martian landscape. Spirit first turned up dust devils on Mars mainly by accident a few months ago, but controllers have refined their strategy to use the rover's navigation camera to regularly take a series of photos in the hopes of catching one in action. By watching them blow past, controllers can get an idea of local wind patterns.
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The Liftport Group of space elevator companies has announced that it will be building a carbon nanotubes manufacturing plant in Millville, New Jersey, to supply various glass, plastic and metal companies with these strong materials. Although Liftport hopes to eventually use carbon nanotubes in the construction of a 100,000 km (62,000 mile) space elevator, this move will allow it to make money in the short term and conduct research and development into new production methods.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft has discovered an unusual cloud of particles around Enceladus, one of Saturn's many moons. They could be stray particles from Saturn's outermost E-ring or a previously unseen dust cloud. The discovery is so interesting to researchers that they'll have Cassini change its altitude on its next flyby - scheduled for July 14 - lowering the spacecraft so that it passes only 175 km (108 miles) above the surface of the moon.
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Since arriving at the Columbia Hills, Spirit, one of the Mars Exploration Rovers, has encountered some mysterious phenomena. The rover?s right front ?arthritic? wheel that plagued Spirit?s 2-mile trek across the plains is now suddenly working perfectly and the once dust-covered solar panels whose power output was cut in half have now been miraculously wiped clean. But the biggest mystery of the Columbia Hills may lie in the angled rock outcrops that Spirit has found in the vicinity of ?Larry?s Lookout? on Husband Hill.
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An international team of astronomers have performed a robust survey of quasars to confirm a prediction from Albert Einstein about how gravity should magnify the light traveling from distant objects. The study showed how the light from 200,000 quasars is being tugged by the gravity of 13 million galaxies as it travels from the quasars to the Earth. The researchers used the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to uncover thousands of new quasars which could then fine-tune their observations.
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During its recent Titan flyby, NASA's Cassini spacecraft discovered that the outer layer of the moon's thick atmosphere is filled with complex hydrocarbons. Titan is very cold, so scientists expected that these hydrocarbons would condense out of the atmosphere and rain down on the moon's surface. Instead, some process of interaction between Titan's atmosphere, sunlight, and Saturn's magnetic field are keeping them aloft and cycling them through the atmosphere.
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A Zenit-3SL rocket lifted off from the floating Sea Launch platform today, placing the Spaceway F1 broadcast satellite into orbit for DIRECTV. The rocket launched at 0731 UTC (3:31 am EDT) and placed the 6,080 kg (13,376 lb) satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. The Spaceway F1 will provide HD broadcast services to North America. It's the heaviest commercial communications satellite ever launched.
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Since they're orbiting hundreds of kilometres above the Earth's surface, satellites should be safe from climate change, right? Well... maybe not. According to researchers from the University of Southampton, rising levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is actually decreasing the density of the thermosphere (where low-Earth orbiting satellites and the International Space Station are traveling). This will allow space debris in this region to orbit more quickly, and impact satellites and space stations more frequently.
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Greetings, fellow SkyWatchers! This week we'll learn how to observe the Hubble Space telescope, locate and study the M3, and be on hand for three minor meteor showers. There will be plenty of deep sky to explore as we locate the M101, M67, and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Mercury and Venus both return this week, and Mars leads the way to Neptune. The Moon provides some excitement as it occults Antares for Europe - as well as two bright stars for other observers - and tilts its north our way for some extreme craters. Had enough yet? Good. There's history to learn and I'm not about to let you go before you've located comet 9P/Temple 1. So grab those telescopes and binoculars, and head out under the dark skies...
Because here's what's up!
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The Soyuz capsule carrying the crew of Expedition 10 and ESA astronaut Roberto Vittori landed safely in north-central Kazakhstan early Monday, approximately 85 km (53 miles) from the town of Arkalyk. Recovery personnel reached the spacecraft within minutes of their touchdown, and the crew was airlifted out safely. Leroy Chiao and Salizhan Sharipov spent a total of 192 days in space, and completed two spacewalks.
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A cross-organizational team of astronomers headed by Arjun Dey of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) has pulled together optical, infrared, and radio-frequency data to probe what may be an expansive galaxy forming region located 11.3 BLY's distant in the direction of the constellation Bootes. The gaseous object (SST24 J1434110+331733), extending some 800 KLYs across space, could significantly advance our understanding of galaxy groups formation in the early universe.
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It's been 15 years since the magnificent Hubble Space Telescope was sent into orbit. Since then, it's taken more than 700,000 photographs and helped to advance our understanding of the Universe in so many ways. Here's a 1024x768 wallpaper image of just one of those photographs - the Eagle Nebula. It was taken using Hubble's new Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS).
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Knowing where to go involves exploring or using a map. Rather than reinventing the wheel, so to speak, everyone looks at a map when starting a journey. This speeds up their travels and lets them discuss their whereabouts with others. Robin Scagell in his book Night Sky Atlas provides the maps and directions to give the neophyte stargazer a leg up on their understanding of the heavens. So don't go guessing on where to look for which constellation, start with this book then take that first step into astronomy.
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Astronomers have seen high temperature "hotspots" rotating across the surface of three nearby neutron stars using the ESA's XMM-Newton X-ray telescope. Even though these neutron stars are hundreds of light-years away, astronomers can calculate the size of the hotspots down to dozens of metres - some are the size of a football field, and others the size of a golf course. The hotspots are somehow related to the stars' powerful magnetic fields, but the exact mechanism is still a mystery.
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The devastating earthquake in Sumatra late last year was so powerful that it created a warp in the Earth's gravity field that should be visible by the ESA's Gravity Field and Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) due to launch next year. During the earthquake, the sea floor along the fault line raised up 6 metres (20 feet), shifting the local gravity slightly. Similar shifts in gravity happen when large areas of ice melt, or volcanoes bulge up. By measuring these shifts, GOCE will help scientists understand the forces involved in earthquakes.
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