NASA’s Voyager 2 took this global color mosaic of Neptune’s largest moon, Triton, in 1989. (Credit: NASA/NASA-JPL/USGS)
We recently examined how and why Saturn’s icy moon, Enceladus, could answer the longstanding question: Are we alone? With its interior ocean and geysers of water ice that shoot out tens of kilometers into space that allegedly contains the ingredients for life, this small moon could be a prime target for future astrobiology missions. But Enceladus isn’t the only location in our solar system with active geysers, as another small moon near the edge of the solar system shares similar characteristics, as well. This is Neptune’s largest moon, Triton, which has been visited only once by NASA’s Voyager 2 in 1989. But are Triton’s geysers the only characteristics that make it a good target for astrobiology and finding life beyond Earth?
Neptune's moons Naiad and Thalassa are locked in a lunar dance. Image Credit: NASA/JPL
Like a long-married couple accustomed to each other’s kitchen habits, two of Neptune’s moons are masters at sharing space without colliding. And though both situations may appear odd to an observer, there’s a certain dance-like quality to them both.
Like splitting double stars, hunting for the faint lesser known moons of the solar system offers a supreme challenge for the visual observer.
Sure, you’ve seen the Jovian moons do their dance, and Titan is old friend for many a star party patron as they check out the rings of Saturn… but have you ever spotted Triton or Amalthea?
Welcome to the challenging world of moon-spotting. Discovering these moons for yourself can be an unforgettable thrill.
One of the key challenges in spotting many of the fainter moons is the fact that they lie so close inside the glare of their respective host planet. For example, +11th magnitude Phobos wouldn’t be all that tough on its own, were it not for the fact that it always lies close to dazzling Mars. 10 magnitudes equals a 10,000-fold change in brightness, and the fact that most of these moons are swapped out is what makes them so tough to see. This is also why many of them weren’t discovered until later on.
But don’t despair. One thing you can use that’s relatively easy to construct is an occulting bar eyepiece. This will allow you to hide the dazzle of the planet behind the bar while scanning the suspect area to the side for the faint moon. Large aperture, steady skies, and well collimated optics are a must as well, and don’t be afraid to crank up the magnification in your quest. We mentioned using such a technique previously as a method to tease out the white dwarf star Sirius b in the years to come.
A homemade occulting bar eyepiece with the barrel removed. One bar is a strip of foil, and the other is a E-string from a guitar. Image credit: Dave Dickinson
What follows is a comprehensive list of the well known ‘easy ones,’ along with some challenges.
We included a handy drill down of magnitudes, orbital periods and maximum separations for the moons of each planet right around opposition. For the more difficult moons, we also noted the circumstances of their discovery, just to give the reader some idea what it takes to see these fleeting worlds. Remember though, many of those old scopes used speculum metal mirrors which were vastly inferior to commercial optics available today. You may have a large Dobsonian scope available that rivals these scopes of yore!
The orbits of the Martian moons. Image credit: Starry Night Education Software
Mars- The two tiny moons of Mars are a challenge, as it’s only possible to nab them visually near opposition, which occurs about once every 26 months. Mars next reaches opposition on May 22nd, 2016.
Phobos:
Magnitude: +11.3
Orbital period: 7 hours 39 minutes
Maximum separation: 16”
Deimos:
Magnitude: +12.3
Orbital period: 1 day 6 hours and 20 minutes
Maximum separation: 54”
The moons of Mars were discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall during the favorable 1877 opposition of Mars using the 26-inch refracting telescope at the U.S. Naval Observatory.
Jupiter- Though the largest planet in our solar system also has the largest number of moons at 67, only the four bright Galilean moons are easily observable, although owners of large light buckets might just be able to tease out another two. Jupiter next reaches opposition March 8th, 2016.
Ganymede:
Magnitude: +4.6
Orbital period: 7.2 days
Maximum separation: 5’
Callisto
Magnitude: +5.7
Orbital period: 16.7 days
Maximum separation: 9’
Io
Magnitude: +5.0
Orbital period: 1.8 days
Maximum separation: 1’ 50”
Europa
Magnitude: +5.3
Orbital period: 3.6 days
Maximum separation: 3’
Amalthea
Magnitude: +14.3
Orbital period: 11 hours 57 minutes
Maximum separation: 33”
Himalia
Magnitude: +15
Orbital period: 250.2 days
Maximum separation: 52’
Note that Amalthea was the first of Jupiter’s moons discovered after the four Galilean moons. Amalthea was first spotted in 1892 by E. E. Barnard using the 36” refractor at the Lick Observatory. Himalia was also discovered at Lick by Charles Dillon Perrine in 1904.
Titan and Rhea imaged via Iphone and a Celestron NexStar 8SE telescope. Image credit: Andrew Symes (@failedprotostar)
Saturn- With a total number of moons at 62, six moons of Saturn are easily observable with a backyard telescope, though keen-eyed observers might just be able to tease out another two:
(Note: the listed separation from the moons of Saturn is from the limb of the disk, not the rings).
Titan
Magnitude: +8.5
Orbital period: 16 days
Maximum separation: 3’
Rhea
Magnitude: +10.0
Orbital period: 4.5 days
Maximum separation: 1’ 12”
Iapetus
Magnitude: (variable) +10.2 to +11.9
Orbital period: 79 days
Maximum separation: 9’
Enceladus
Magnitude: +12
Orbital period: 1.4 days
Maximum separation: 27″
Dione
Magnitude: +10.4
Orbital period: 2.7 days
Maximum separation: 46”
Tethys
Magnitude: +10.2
Orbital period: 1.9 days
Maximum separation: 35”
Mimas
Magnitude: +12.9
Orbital period: 0.9 days
Maximum separation: 18”
Hyperion
Magnitude: +14.1
Orbital period: 21.3 days
Maximum separation: 3’ 30”
Phoebe
Magnitude: +16.6
Orbital period: 541 days
Maximum separation: 27’
Hyperion was discovered by William Bond using the Harvard observatory’s 15” refractor in 1848, and Phoebe was the first moon discovered photographically by William Pickering in 1899.
Uranus- All of the moons of the ice giants are tough. Though Uranus has a total of 27 moons, only five of them might be spied using a backyard scope. Uranus next reaches opposition on October 12th, 2015.
Titania
Magnitude: +13.9
Orbital period:
Maximum separation: 28”
Oberon
Magnitude: +14.1
Orbital period: 8.7 days
Maximum separation: 40”
Umbriel
Magnitude: +15
Orbital period: 4.1 days
Maximum separation: 15”
Ariel
Magnitude: +14.3
Orbital period: 2.5 days
Maximum separation: 13”
Miranda
Magnitude: +16.5
Orbital period: 1.4 days
Maximum separation: 9”
The first two moons of Uranus, Titania and Oberon, were discovered by William Herschel in 1787 using his 49.5” telescope, the largest of its day.
Triton in orbit around Neptune near opposition in 2011. Image credit: Efrain Morales
Neptune- With a total number of moons numbering 14, two are within reach of the skilled amateur observer. Opposition for Neptune is coming right up on September 1st, 2015.
Triton
Magnitude: +13.5
Orbital period: 5.9 days
Maximum separation: 15”
Nereid
Magnitude: +18.7
Orbital period: 0.3 days
Maximum separation: 6’40”
Triton was discovered by William Lassell using a 24” reflector in 1846, just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Nereid wasn’t found until 1949 by Gerard Kuiper.
Pluto-Yes… it is possible to spy Charon from Earth… as amateur astronomers proved in 2008.
Charon
Magnitude: +16
Orbital period: 6.4 days
Maximum separation: 0.8”
Pluto! Click here for a (possible) capture of Charon as well. Image credit: Wendy Clark
In order to cross off some of the more difficult targets on the list, you’ll need to know exactly when these moons are at their greatest elongation. Sky and Telescope has some great apps in the case of Jupiter and Saturn… the PDS Rings node can also generate corkscrew charts of lesser known moons, and Starry Night has ‘em as well. In addition, we tend to publish cork screw charts for moons right around respective oppositions, and our ephemeris for Charon elongations though July 2015 is still active.
Good luck in crossing off some of these faint moons from your astronomical life list!
